# Security in Brain-Computer Interfaces: State-of-the-art, opportunities, and future challenges

arXiv: https://arxiv.org/abs/1908.03536 · HTML: https://mlsanity.com/paper/1908.03536/

## Key facts

- Cited by 1 papers in the map (data through 14 Oct 2026).
- First posted on arXiv 9 Aug 2019.

## Built on by (most cited first, 1 of 1)

- [Artificial Intelligence for the Metaverse: A Survey](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2202.10336/) (2022)

## Abstract (arXiv)

BCIs have significantly improved the patients' quality of life by restoring damaged hearing, sight, and movement capabilities. After evolving their application scenarios, the current trend of BCI is to enable new innovative brain-to-brain and brain-to-the-Internet communication paradigms. This technological advancement generates opportunities for attackers since users' personal information and physical integrity could be under tremendous risk. This work presents the existing versions of the BCI life-cycle and homogenizes them in a new approach that overcomes current limitations. After that, we offer a qualitative characterization of the security attacks affecting each phase of the BCI cycle to analyze their impacts and countermeasures documented in the literature. Finally, we reflect on lessons learned, highlighting research trends and future challenges concerning security on BCIs.