# CAiRE: An Empathetic Neural Chatbot

arXiv: https://arxiv.org/abs/1907.12108 · HTML: https://mlsanity.com/paper/1907.12108/

## Key facts

- Cited by 14 papers in the map (data through 14 Oct 2026).
- First posted on arXiv 28 Jul 2019.

## Built on by (most cited first, 14 of 14)

- [The Rise and Potential of Large Language Model Based Agents: A Survey](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2309.07864/) (2023)
- [A Survey of Safety and Trustworthiness of Large Language Models through the Lens of Verification and Validation](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2305.11391/) (2023)
- [MISC: A MIxed Strategy-Aware Model Integrating COMET for Emotional Support Conversation](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2203.13560/) (2022)
- [Lifelong Learning of Large Language Model based Agents: A Roadmap](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2501.07278/) (2025)
- [Empathetic Conversational Systems: A Review of Current Advances, Gaps, and Opportunities](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2206.05017/) (2022)
- [Comparing How a Chatbot References User Utterances from Previous Chatting Sessions: An Investigation of Users' Privacy Concerns and Perceptions](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2308.04879/) (2023)
- [CheerBots: Chatbots toward Empathy and Emotionusing Reinforcement Learning](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2110.03949/) (2021)
- [EmpBot: A T5-based Empathetic Chatbot focusing on Sentiments](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2111.00310/) (2021)
- [A Survey of Personality, Persona, and Profile in Conversational Agents and Chatbots](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2401.00609/) (2023)
- [Put Chatbot into Its Interlocutor's Shoes: New Framework to Learn Chatbot Responding with Intention](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2103.16429/) (2021)
- [Coral: An Approach for Conversational Agents in Mental Health Applications](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2111.08545/) (2021)
- [Character-level Chinese Backpack Language Models](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2310.12751/) (2023)
- [Incorporating Different Verbal Cues to Improve Text-Based Computer-Delivered Health Messaging](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2404.13633/) (2024)
- [Socio-Emotional Response Generation: A Human Evaluation Protocol for LLM-Based Conversational Systems](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2412.04492/) (2024)

## Abstract (arXiv)

In this paper, we present an end-to-end empathetic conversation agent CAiRE. Our system adapts TransferTransfo (Wolf et al., 2019) learning approach that fine-tunes a large-scale pre-trained language model with multi-task objectives: response language modeling, response prediction and dialogue emotion detection. We evaluate our model on the recently proposed empathetic-dialogues dataset (Rashkin et al., 2019), the experiment results show that CAiRE achieves state-of-the-art performance on dialogue emotion detection and empathetic response generation.