# OpenCitations, an infrastructure organization for open scholarship

arXiv: https://arxiv.org/abs/1906.11964 · HTML: https://mlsanity.com/paper/1906.11964/

## Key facts

- Cited by 16 papers in the map (data through 14 Oct 2026).
- First posted on arXiv 27 Jun 2019.

## Built on by (most cited first, 16 of 16)

- [Trans4E: Link Prediction on Scholarly Knowledge Graphs](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2107.03297/) (2021)
- [SemOpenAlex: The Scientific Landscape in 26 Billion RDF Triples](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2308.03671/) (2023)
- [A Knowledge Graph Embeddings based Approach for Author Name Disambiguation using Literals](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2201.09555/) (2022)
- [A Measure of Research Taste](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2105.08089/) (2021)
- [SciNoBo : A Hierarchical Multi-Label Classifier of Scientific Publications](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2204.00880/) (2022)
- [Biases in Scholarly Recommender Systems: Impact, Prevalence, and Mitigation](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2301.07483/) (2023)
- [Artificial intelligence technologies to support research assessment: A review](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2212.06574/) (2022)
- [A systematic review of relation extraction task since the emergence of Transformers](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2511.03610/) (2025)
- [Mapping Climate Change Research via Open Repositories & AI: advantages and limitations for an evidence-based R&D policy-making](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2209.09246/) (2022)
- [OpenMSD: Towards Multilingual Scientific Documents Similarity Measurement](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2309.10539/) (2023)
- [Natural Language Querying System Through Entity Enrichment](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2410.15753/) (2024)
- [Recent Developments in Deep Learning-based Author Name Disambiguation](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2503.13448/) (2024)
- [Large Scale Community-Aware Network Generation](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2511.19717/) (2025)
- [Where Do Your Citations Come From? Citation-Constellation: A Free, Open-Source, No-Code, and Auditable Tool for Citation Network Decomposition with Complementary BARON and HEROCON Scores](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2603.24216/) (2026)
- [SciSchema.org: A Multidisciplinary Collection of Schemas for Structured Scientific Process Descriptions](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2607.27955/) (2026)
- [Natural Language Knowledge Graph Query Execution: Leveraging Controlled Semantics in the LLM Context Window](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2609.14652/) (2026)

## Abstract (arXiv)

OpenCitations is an infrastructure organization for open scholarship dedicated to the publication of open citation data as Linked Open Data using Semantic Web technologies, thereby providing a disruptive alternative to traditional proprietary citation indexes. Open citation data are valuable for bibliometric analysis, increasing the reproducibility of large-scale analyses by enabling publication of the source data. Following brief introductions to the development and benefits of open scholarship and to Semantic Web technologies, this paper describes OpenCitations and its datasets, tools, services and activities. These include the OpenCitations Data Model; the SPAR (Semantic Publishing and Referencing) Ontologies; OpenCitations' open software of generic applicability for searching, browsing and providing REST APIs over RDF triplestores; Open Citation Identifiers (OCIs) and the OpenCitations OCI Resolution Service; the OpenCitations Corpus (OCC), a database of open downloadable bibliographic and citation data made available in RDF under a Creative Commons public domain dedication; and the OpenCitations Indexes of open citation data, of which the first and largest is COCI, the OpenCitations Index of Crossref Open DOI-to-DOI Citations, which currently contains over 445 million bibliographic citations and is receiving considerable usage by the scholarly community.