# Error bounds for deep ReLU networks using the Kolmogorov--Arnold superposition theorem

arXiv: https://arxiv.org/abs/1906.11945 · HTML: https://mlsanity.com/paper/1906.11945/

## Key facts

- Cited by 49 papers in the map (data through 14 Oct 2026).
- First posted on arXiv 27 Jun 2019.

## Built on by (most cited first, 30 of 49)

- [KAN: Kolmogorov-Arnold Networks](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2404.19756/) (2024)
- [Specformer: Spectral Graph Neural Networks Meet Transformers](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2303.01028/) (2023)
- [On the approximation of functions by tanh neural networks](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2104.08938/) (2021)
- [A Survey on Kolmogorov-Arnold Network](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2411.06078/) (2024)
- [ExSpliNet: An interpretable and expressive spline-based neural network](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2205.01510/) (2022)
- [Deep Network Approximation: Beyond ReLU to Diverse Activation Functions](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2307.06555/) (2023)
- [Besov Function Approximation and Binary Classification on Low-Dimensional Manifolds Using Convolutional Residual Networks](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2109.02832/) (2021)
- [Physics Informed Kolmogorov-Arnold Neural Networks for Dynamical Analysis via Efficent-KAN and WAV-KAN](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2407.18373/) (2024)
- [Reproducing Activation Function for Deep Learning](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2101.04844/) (2021)
- [On the Kolmogorov neural networks](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2311.00049/) (2023)
- [Neural Network Architecture Beyond Width and Depth](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2205.09459/) (2022)
- [Convergence of Deep ReLU Networks](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2107.12530/) (2021)
- [The Discovery of Dynamics via Linear Multistep Methods and Deep Learning: Error Estimation](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2103.11488/) (2021)
- [Convergence of Deep Convolutional Neural Networks](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2109.13542/) (2021)
- [On the Optimal Expressive Power of ReLU DNNs and Its Application in Approximation with Kolmogorov Superposition Theorem](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2308.05509/) (2023)
- [Solving PDEs on Unknown Manifolds with Machine Learning](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2106.06682/) (2021)
- [Deep Network Approximation in Terms of Intrinsic Parameters](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2111.07964/) (2021)
- [KANICE: Kolmogorov-Arnold Networks with Interactive Convolutional Elements](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2410.17172/) (2024)
- [Deep Nonparametric Estimation of Intrinsic Data Structures by Chart Autoencoders: Generalization Error and Robustness](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2303.09863/) (2023)
- [Stationary Density Estimation of Ito Diffusions Using Deep Learning](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2109.03992/) (2021)
- [Deep Neural Networks with ReLU-Sine-Exponential Activations Break Curse of Dimensionality in Approximation on H"older Class](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2103.00542/) (2021)
- [Benefits of Overparameterized Convolutional Residual Networks: Function Approximation under Smoothness Constraint](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2206.04569/) (2022)
- [On Enhancing Expressive Power via Compositions of Single Fixed-Size ReLU Network](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2301.12353/) (2023)
- [Uniform Convergence of Deep Neural Networks with Lipschitz Continuous Activation Functions and Variable Widths](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2306.01692/) (2023)
- [KAN we improve on HEP classification tasks? Kolmogorov-Arnold Networks applied to an LHC physics example](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2408.02743/) (2024)
- [Fourier Multi-Component and Multi-Layer Neural Networks: Unlocking High-Frequency Potential](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2502.18959/) (2025)
- [KAC: Kolmogorov-Arnold Classifier for Continual Learning](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2503.21076/) (2025)
- [Structured and Balanced Multi-Component and Multi-Layer Neural Networks](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2407.00765/) (2024)
- [Analysis of Structured Deep Kernel Networks](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2105.07228/) (2021)
- [Approximating Langevin Monte Carlo with ResNet-like Neural Network architectures](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2311.03242/) (2023)

## Abstract (arXiv)

We prove a theorem concerning the approximation of multivariate functions by deep ReLU networks, for which the curse of the dimensionality is lessened. Our theorem is based on a constructive proof of the Kolmogorov--Arnold superposition theorem, and on a subset of multivariate continuous functions whose outer superposition functions can be efficiently approximated by deep ReLU networks.
