# XLNet: Generalized Autoregressive Pretraining for Language Understanding

arXiv: https://arxiv.org/abs/1906.08237 · HTML: https://mlsanity.com/paper/1906.08237/

## Key facts

- Cited by 2,811 papers in the map (data through 14 Oct 2026).
- First posted on arXiv 19 Jun 2019.

## Built on by (most cited first, 30 of 2811)

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## Abstract (arXiv)

With the capability of modeling bidirectional contexts, denoising autoencoding based pretraining like BERT achieves better performance than pretraining approaches based on autoregressive language modeling. However, relying on corrupting the input with masks, BERT neglects dependency between the masked positions and suffers from a pretrain-finetune discrepancy. In light of these pros and cons, we propose XLNet, a generalized autoregressive pretraining method that (1) enables learning bidirectional contexts by maximizing the expected likelihood over all permutations of the factorization order and (2) overcomes the limitations of BERT thanks to its autoregressive formulation. Furthermore, XLNet integrates ideas from Transformer-XL, the state-of-the-art autoregressive model, into pretraining. Empirically, under comparable experiment settings, XLNet outperforms BERT on 20 tasks, often by a large margin, including question answering, natural language inference, sentiment analysis, and document ranking.