# Adjusting Pleasure-Arousal-Dominance for Continuous Emotional Text-to-speech Synthesizer

arXiv: https://arxiv.org/abs/1906.05507 · HTML: https://mlsanity.com/paper/1906.05507/

## Key facts

- Cited by 1 papers in the map (data through 14 Oct 2026).
- First posted on arXiv 13 Jun 2019.

## Built on by (most cited first, 1 of 1)

- [Speech Synthesis with Mixed Emotions](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2208.05890/) (2022)

## Abstract (arXiv)

Emotion is not limited to discrete categories of happy, sad, angry, fear, disgust, surprise, and so on. Instead, each emotion category is projected into a set of nearly independent dimensions, named pleasure (or valence), arousal, and dominance, known as PAD. The value of each dimension varies from -1 to 1, such that the neutral emotion is in the center with all-zero values. Training an emotional continuous text-to-speech (TTS) synthesizer on the independent dimensions provides the possibility of emotional speech synthesis with unlimited emotion categories. Our end-to-end neural speech synthesizer is based on the well-known Tacotron. Empirically, we have found the optimum network architecture for injecting the 3D PADs. Moreover, the PAD values are adjusted for the speech synthesis purpose.