# Single-photon computational 3D imaging at 45 km

arXiv: https://arxiv.org/abs/1904.10341 · HTML: https://mlsanity.com/paper/1904.10341/

## Key facts

- Cited by 7 papers in the map (data through 14 Oct 2026).
- First posted on arXiv 22 Apr 2019.

## Built on by (most cited first, 7 of 7)

- [Deep Domain Adversarial Adaptation for Photon-efficient Imaging](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2201.02475/) (2022)
- [Single-pixel 3D imaging based on fusion temporal data of single photon detector and millimeter-wave radar](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2312.12439/) (2023)
- [Long-Distance Field Demonstration of Imaging-Free Drone Identification in Intracity Environments](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2504.20097/) (2025)
- [Point upsampling networks for single-photon sensing](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2508.12986/) (2025)
- [3D Reconstruction from Transient Measurements with Time-Resolved Transformer](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2510.09205/) (2025)
- [Semantic Temporal Single-photon LiDAR](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2512.06008/) (2025)
- [SP-TransientBench: A Real-Captured Single Photon Perception Benchmark](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2606.18952/) (2026)

## Abstract (arXiv)

Long-range active imaging has a variety of applications in remote sensing and target recognition. Single-photon LiDAR (light detection and ranging) offers single-photon sensitivity and picosecond timing resolution, which is desirable for high-precision three-dimensional (3D) imaging over long distances. Despite important progress, further extending the imaging range presents enormous challenges because only weak echo photons return and are mixed with strong noise. Herein, we tackled these challenges by constructing a high-efficiency, low-noise confocal single-photon LiDAR system, and developing a long-range-tailored computational algorithm that provides high photon efficiency and super-resolution in the transverse domain. Using this technique, we experimentally demonstrated active single-photon 3D-imaging at a distance of up to 45 km in an urban environment, with a low return-signal level of ~1 photon per pixel. Our system is feasible for imaging at a few hundreds of kilometers by refining the setup, and thus represents a significant milestone towards rapid, low-power, and high-resolution LiDAR over extra-long ranges.