# Disfluencies and Human Speech Transcription Errors

arXiv: https://arxiv.org/abs/1904.04398 · HTML: https://mlsanity.com/paper/1904.04398/

## Key facts

- Cited by 21 papers in the map (data through 14 Oct 2026).
- First posted on arXiv 8 Apr 2019.

## Built on by (most cited first, 21 of 21)

- [Disfl-QA: A Benchmark Dataset for Understanding Disfluencies in Question Answering](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2106.04016/) (2021)
- [Disfluency Detection with Unlabeled Data and Small BERT Models](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2104.10769/) (2021)
- [The timing bottleneck: Why timing and overlap are mission-critical for conversational user interfaces, speech recognition and dialogue systems](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2307.15493/) (2023)
- [LARD: Large-scale Artificial Disfluency Generation](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2201.05041/) (2022)
- [Weakly-supervised forced alignment of disfluent speech using phoneme-level modeling](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2306.00996/) (2023)
- [Studying Alignment in a Collaborative Learning Activity via Automatic Methods: The Link Between What We Say and Do](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2104.04429/) (2021)
- [Automatic Disfluency Detection from Untranscribed Speech](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2311.00867/) (2023)
- [Towards End-to-End Spoken Grammatical Error Correction](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2311.05550/) (2023)
- [What BERT Based Language Models Learn in Spoken Transcripts: An Empirical Study](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2109.09105/) (2021)
- [Span Classification with Structured Information for Disfluency Detection in Spoken Utterances](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2203.16028/) (2022)
- [Four-in-One: A Joint Approach to Inverse Text Normalization, Punctuation, Capitalization, and Disfluency for Automatic Speech Recognition](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2210.15063/) (2022)
- [Fillers in Spoken Language Understanding: Computational and Psycholinguistic Perspectives](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2301.10761/) (2023)
- [Assessing the Use of Prosody in Constituency Parsing of Imperfect Transcripts](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2106.07794/) (2021)
- [Enhancing Naturalness in LLM-Generated Utterances through Disfluency Insertion](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2412.12710/) (2024)
- [Building and curating conversational corpora for diversity-aware language science and technology](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2203.03399/) (2022)
- [Artificial Disfluency Detection, Uh No, Disfluency Generation for the Masses](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2211.09235/) (2022)
- [A novel multimodal dynamic fusion network for disfluency detection in spoken utterances](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2211.14700/) (2022)
- [ParlaSpeech 3.0: Richly Annotated Spoken Parliamentary Corpora of Croatian, Czech, Polish, and Serbian](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2511.01619/) (2025)
- [Evaluation of Automated Speech Recognition Systems for Conversational Speech: A Linguistic Perspective](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2211.02812/) (2022)
- [DRIVE: Disfluency-Rich Synthetic Dialog Data Generation Framework for Intelligent Vehicle Environments](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2507.19867/) (2025)
- [Is Semi-Automatic Transcription Useful in Corpus Creation? Preliminary Considerations on the KIParla Corpus](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2603.16258/) (2026)

## Abstract (arXiv)

This paper explores contexts associated with errors in transcrip-tion of spontaneous speech, shedding light on human perceptionof disfluencies and other conversational speech phenomena. Anew version of the Switchboard corpus is provided with disfluency annotations for careful speech transcripts, together with results showing the impact of transcription errors on evaluation of automatic disfluency detection.