# A Survey of Code-switched Speech and Language Processing

arXiv: https://arxiv.org/abs/1904.00784 · HTML: https://mlsanity.com/paper/1904.00784/

## Key facts

- Cited by 75 papers in the map (data through 14 Oct 2026).
- First posted on arXiv 25 Mar 2019.

## Built on by (most cited first, 30 of 75)

- [MEGA: Multilingual Evaluation of Generative AI](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2303.12528/) (2023)
- [QA Dataset Explosion: A Taxonomy of NLP Resources for Question Answering and Reading Comprehension](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2107.12708/) (2021)
- [One Country, 700+ Languages: NLP Challenges for Underrepresented Languages and Dialects in Indonesia](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2203.13357/) (2022)
- [A Survey of Code-switching: Linguistic and Social Perspectives for Language Technologies](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2301.01967/) (2023)
- [Multilingual and code-switching ASR challenges for low resource Indian languages](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2104.00235/) (2021)
- [Towards Holistic Evaluation of Large Audio-Language Models: A Comprehensive Survey](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2505.15957/) (2025)
- [The Decades Progress on Code-Switching Research in NLP: A Systematic Survey on Trends and Challenges](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2212.09660/) (2022)
- [Code-Mixing on Sesame Street: Dawn of the Adversarial Polyglots](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2103.09593/) (2021)
- [LAE: Language-Aware Encoder for Monolingual and Multilingual ASR](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2206.02093/) (2022)
- [Can You Traducir This? Machine Translation for Code-Switched Input](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2105.04846/) (2021)
- [Language-specific Characteristic Assistance for Code-switching Speech Recognition](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2206.14580/) (2022)
- [Joint Modeling of Code-Switched and Monolingual ASR via Conditional Factorization](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2111.15016/) (2021)
- [Arabic Code-Switching Speech Recognition using Monolingual Data](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2107.01573/) (2021)
- [Exploring Text-to-Text Transformers for English to Hinglish Machine Translation with Synthetic Code-Mixing](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2105.08807/) (2021)
- [Representativeness as a Forgotten Lesson for Multilingual and Code-switched Data Collection and Preparation](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2310.20470/) (2023)
- [SJ_AJ@DravidianLangTech-EACL2021: Task-Adaptive Pre-Training of Multilingual BERT models for Offensive Language Identification](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2102.01051/) (2021)
- [MaskLID: Code-Switching Language Identification through Iterative Masking](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2406.06263/) (2024)
- [Investigating Code-Mixed Modern Standard Arabic-Egyptian to English Machine Translation](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2105.13573/) (2021)
- [Speech collage: code-switched audio generation by collaging monolingual corpora](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2309.15674/) (2023)
- [BA-MoE: Boundary-Aware Mixture-of-Experts Adapter for Code-Switching Speech Recognition](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2310.02629/) (2023)
- [CodemixedNLP: An Extensible and Open NLP Toolkit for Code-Mixing](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2106.06004/) (2021)
- [Unified model for code-switching speech recognition and language identification based on a concatenated tokenizer](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2306.08753/) (2023)
- [From Human Judgements to Predictive Models: Unravelling Acceptability in Code-Mixed Sentences](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2405.05572/) (2024)
- [Code-Switched Text Synthesis in Unseen Language Pairs](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2305.16724/) (2023)
- [Leveraging Data Collection and Unsupervised Learning for Code-switched Tunisian Arabic Automatic Speech Recognition](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2309.11327/) (2023)
- [Linguistics Theory Meets LLM: Code-Switched Text Generation via Equivalence Constrained Large Language Models](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2410.22660/) (2024)
- [Attributional Safety Failures in Large Language Models under Code-Mixed Perturbations](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2505.14469/) (2025)
- [Task-Specific Pre-Training and Cross Lingual Transfer for Code-Switched Data](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2102.12407/) (2021)
- [GupShup: An Annotated Corpus for Abstractive Summarization of Open-Domain Code-Switched Conversations](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2104.08578/) (2021)
- [Switch Point biased Self-Training: Re-purposing Pretrained Models for Code-Switching](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2111.01231/) (2021)

## Abstract (arXiv)

Code-switching, the alternation of languages within a conversation or utterance, is a common communicative phenomenon that occurs in multilingual communities across the world. This survey reviews computational approaches for code-switched Speech and Natural Language Processing. We motivate why processing code-switched text and speech is essential for building intelligent agents and systems that interact with users in multilingual communities. As code-switching data and resources are scarce, we list what is available in various code-switched language pairs with the language processing tasks they can be used for. We review code-switching research in various Speech and NLP applications, including language processing tools and end-to-end systems. We conclude with future directions and open problems in the field.