# An Interaction Framework for Studying Co-Creative AI

arXiv: https://arxiv.org/abs/1903.09709 · HTML: https://mlsanity.com/paper/1903.09709/

## Key facts

- Cited by 19 papers in the map (data through 14 Oct 2026).
- First posted on arXiv 22 Mar 2019.

## Built on by (most cited first, 19 of 19)

- [Large Language Models and Games: A Survey and Roadmap](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2402.18659/) (2024)
- [Designing Creative AI Partners with COFI: A Framework for Modeling Interaction in Human-AI Co-Creative Systems](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2204.07666/) (2022)
- [Creativity and Machine Learning: A Survey](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2104.02726/) (2021)
- [Beyond Prompts: Exploring the Design Space of Mixed-Initiative Co-Creativity Systems](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2305.07465/) (2023)
- [ReelFramer: Human-AI Co-Creation for News-to-Video Translation](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2304.09653/) (2023)
- [CharacterChat: Supporting the Creation of Fictional Characters through Conversation and Progressive Manifestation with a Chatbot](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2106.12314/) (2021)
- [Nine Potential Pitfalls when Designing Human-AI Co-Creative Systems](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2104.00358/) (2021)
- [Creative Wand: A System to Study Effects of Communications in Co-Creative Settings](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2208.02886/) (2022)
- [Suggestion Lists vs. Continuous Generation: Interaction Design for Writing with Generative Models on Mobile Devices Affect Text Length, Wording and Perceived Authorship](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2208.00870/) (2022)
- [An Ontology of Co-Creative AI Systems](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2310.07472/) (2023)
- [What's Next? Exploring Utilization, Challenges, and Future Directions of AI-Generated Image Tools in Graphic Design](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2406.13436/) (2024)
- [Design-Driven Requirements for Computationally Co-Creative Game AI Design Tools](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2107.13738/) (2021)
- [Human-Centered AI Communication in Co-Creativity: An Initial Framework and Insights](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2505.18385/) (2025)
- [Improving User Experience with FAICO: Towards a Framework for AI Communication in Human-AI Co-Creativity](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2504.02526/) (2025)
- [Toward Co-creative Dungeon Generation via Transfer Learning](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2107.12533/) (2021)
- [Team Learning as a Lens for Designing Human-AI Co-Creative Systems](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2207.02996/) (2022)
- [Creo: From One-Shot Image Generation to Progressive, Co-Creative Ideation](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2604.13956/) (2026)
- [Interaction-Centered Intelligence: Toward an Interaction-Based Theory of Human-AI Co-Creation](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2606.00807/) (2026)
- [The Aura in the Machine: Genealogy and the Status of the Work of Art in the Generative Era](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2607.17940/) (2026)

## Abstract (arXiv)

Machine learning has been applied to a number of creative, design-oriented tasks. However, it remains unclear how to best empower human users with these machine learning approaches, particularly those users without technical expertise. In this paper we propose a general framework for turn-based interaction between human users and AI agents designed to support human creativity, called {co-creative systems}. The framework can be used to better understand the space of possible designs of co-creative systems and reveal future research directions. We demonstrate how to apply this framework in conjunction with a pair of recent human subject studies, comparing between the four human-AI systems employed in these studies and generating hypotheses towards future studies.