# On the validation of complex systems operating in open contexts

arXiv: https://arxiv.org/abs/1902.10517 · HTML: https://mlsanity.com/paper/1902.10517/

## Key facts

- Cited by 6 papers in the map (data through 14 Oct 2026).
- First posted on arXiv 22 Jan 2019.

## Built on by (most cited first, 6 of 6)

- [Using Ontologies for the Formalization and Recognition of Criticality for Automated Driving](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2205.01532/) (2022)
- [A Review of Testing Object-Based Environment Perception for Safe Automated Driving](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2102.08460/) (2021)
- [Grasping Causality for the Explanation of Criticality for Automated Driving](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2210.15375/) (2022)
- [System Theoretic View on Uncertainties](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2303.04042/) (2023)
- [Checklist to Define the Identification of TP, FP, and FN Object Detections in Automated Driving](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2308.07106/) (2023)
- [A Systematic Literature Review on Safety of the Intended Functionality for Automated Driving Systems](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2503.02498/) (2025)

## Abstract (arXiv)

In the recent years, there has been a rush towards highly autonomous systems operating in public environments, such as automated driving of road vehicles, passenger shuttle systems and mobile robots. These systems, operating in unstructured, public real-world environments (the operational design domain can be characterized as open context) per se bear a serious safety risk. The serious safety risk, the complexity of the necessary technical systems, the openness of the operational design domain and the regulatory situation pose a fundamental challenge to the automotive industry. Many different approaches to the validation of autonomous driving functions have been proposed over the course of the last years. However, although partly announced as the solution to the validation challenge, many of the praised approaches leave open crucial parts. To illustrate the contributions as well as the limitations of the individual approaches and providing strategies for 'viable' validation and approval of such systems, the first part of the paper gives an analysis of the fundamental challenges related to the valid design and operation of complex autonomous systems operating in open contexts. In the second part, we formalize the problem statement and provide algorithms for an iterative development and validation. In the last part we give a high level overview of a practical, holistic development process which we refer to as systematic, system view based approach to validation (in short sys2val) and comment on the contributions from ISO26262 and current state of ISO/PAS 21448 (SOTIF).