# Representation Learning with Weighted Inner Product for Universal Approximation of General Similarities

arXiv: https://arxiv.org/abs/1902.10409 · HTML: https://mlsanity.com/paper/1902.10409/

## Key facts

- Cited by 2 papers in the map (data through 14 Oct 2026).
- First posted on arXiv 27 Feb 2019.

## Built on by (most cited first, 2 of 2)

- [Gated Domain Units for Multi-source Domain Generalization](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2206.12444/) (2022)
- [Semi-Structured Query Grounding for Document-Oriented Databases with Deep Retrieval and Its Application to Receipt and POI Matching](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2202.13959/) (2022)

## Abstract (arXiv)

We propose textitweighted inner product similarity (WIPS) for neural network-based graph embedding. In addition to the parameters of neural networks, we optimize the weights of the inner product by allowing positive and negative values. Despite its simplicity, WIPS can approximate arbitrary general similarities including positive definite, conditionally positive definite, and indefinite kernels. WIPS is free from similarity model selection, since it can learn any similarity models such as cosine similarity, negative Poincar'e distance and negative Wasserstein distance. Our experiments show that the proposed method can learn high-quality distributed representations of nodes from real datasets, leading to an accurate approximation of similarities as well as high performance in inductive tasks.