# One-Bit MUSIC

arXiv: https://arxiv.org/abs/1901.05109 · HTML: https://mlsanity.com/paper/1901.05109/

## Key facts

- Cited by 5 papers in the map (data through 14 Oct 2026).
- First posted on arXiv 16 Jan 2019.

## Built on by (most cited first, 5 of 5)

- [Deep Learning-Enabled One-Bit DoA Estimation](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2405.09712/) (2024)
- [Enhancing Off-Grid One-Bit DOA Estimation with Learning-Based Sparse Bayesian Approach for Non-Uniform Sparse Array](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2412.10976/) (2024)
- [Model-Based Learning for DOA Estimation with One-Bit Single-Snapshot Sparse Arrays](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2502.17473/) (2025)
- [Joint Extremum Compression and Detection of a Time-Delayed Signal for Distributed Sensing](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2607.10874/) (2026)
- [DOA Estimation from One-Bit Magnitude-Only Measurements via Sign-Consistency Optimization](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2607.12491/) (2026)

## Abstract (arXiv)

In this letter, we consider the problem of direction-of-arrival (DOA) estimation with one-bit quantized array measurements. With analysis, it is shown that, under mild conditions the one-bit covariance matrix can be approximated by the sum of a scaled unquantized covariance matrix and a scaled identity matrix. Although the scaling parameters unknown because of the extreme quantization, they do not affect the subspace-based DOA estimators. Specifically, the signal and noise subspaces can be straightforwardly determined through the eigendecomposition of the one-bit covariance matrix, without pre-processing such as unquantized covariance matrix reconstruction. With so-obtained subspaces, the most classical multiple signal classification (MUSIC) technique can be applied to determine the signal DOAs. The resulting method is thus termed as one-bit MUSIC. Thanks to the simplicity of this method, it can be very easily implemented in practical applications, whereas the DOA estimation performance is comparable to the case with unquantized covariance matrix reconstruction, as demonstrated by various simulations.