# Real-Time Optimal Control for Irregular Asteroid Landings Using Deep Neural Networks

arXiv: https://arxiv.org/abs/1901.02210 · HTML: https://mlsanity.com/paper/1901.02210/

## Key facts

- Cited by 11 papers in the map (data through 14 Oct 2026).
- First posted on arXiv 8 Jan 2019.

## Built on by (most cited first, 11 of 11)

- [Guidance and Control Networks with Periodic Activation Functions](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2405.18084/) (2024)
- [Advances in Trajectory Optimization for Space Vehicle Control](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2108.02335/) (2021)
- [Optimality Principles in Spacecraft Neural Guidance and Control](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2305.13078/) (2023)
- [Investigation of the Robustness of Neural Density Fields](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2305.19698/) (2023)
- [Learning-based methods to model small body gravity fields for proximity operations: Safety and Robustness](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2112.09998/) (2021)
- [The Physics-Informed Neural Network Gravity Model: Generation III](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2312.10257/) (2023)
- [Memristor-Based Neural Network Accelerators for Space Applications: Enhancing Performance with Temporal Averaging and SIRENs](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2509.04506/) (2025)
- [Comparing Behavioural Cloning and Reinforcement Learning for Spacecraft Guidance and Control Networks](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2507.19535/) (2025)
- [Guidance and Control Neural Network Acceleration using Memristors](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2509.02369/) (2025)
- [Sample-Free Safety Assessment of Neural Network Controllers via Taylor Methods](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2602.11332/) (2026)
- [Pretrained Approximators for Low-Thrust Trajectory Cost and Reachability](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2605.26790/) (2026)

## Abstract (arXiv)

Precise soft landings on asteroids are central to many deep space missions for surface exploration and resource exploitation. To improve the autonomy and intelligence of landing control, a real-time optimal control approach is proposed using deep neural networks (DNN) for asteroid landing problems wherein the developed DNN-based landing controller is capable of steering the lander to a preselected landing site with high robustness to initial conditions. First, to significantly reduce the time consumption of gravity calculation, DNNs are used to approximate the irregular gravitational field of the asteroid based on the samples from a polyhedral method. Then, an approximate indirect method is presented to solve the time-optimal landing problems with high computational efficiency by taking advantage of the designed gravity approximation method and a homotopy technique. Furthermore, five DNNs are developed to learn the functional relationship between the state and optimal actions obtained by the approximate indirect method, and the resulting DNNs can generate the optimal control instructions in real time because there is no longer need to solve the optimal landing problems onboard. Finally, a DNN-based landing controller composed of these five DNNs is devised to achieve the real-time optimal control for asteroid landings. Simulation results of the time-optimal landing for Eros are given to substantiate the effectiveness of these techniques and illustrate the real-time performance, control optimality, and robustness of the developed DNN-based optimal landing controller.