# mD-Track: Leveraging Multi-Dimensionality in Passive Indoor Wi-Fi Tracking

arXiv: https://arxiv.org/abs/1812.03103 · HTML: https://mlsanity.com/paper/1812.03103/

## Key facts

- Cited by 17 papers in the map (data through 14 Oct 2026).
- First posted on arXiv 7 Dec 2018.

## Built on by (most cited first, 17 of 17)

- [NeRF2: Neural Radio-Frequency Radiance Fields](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2305.06118/) (2023)
- [Enabling Visual Recognition at Radio Frequency](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2405.19516/) (2024)
- [Generative Artificial Intelligence Assisted Wireless Sensing: Human Flow Detection in Practical Communication Environments](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2404.14140/) (2024)
- [A Survey on Wi-Fi Sensing Generalizability: Taxonomy, Techniques, Datasets, and Future Research Prospects](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2503.08008/) (2025)
- [A Review of Indoor Millimeter Wave Device-based Localization and Device-free Sensing Technologies and Applications](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2112.05593/) (2021)
- [Wi-Chat: Large Language Model Powered Wi-Fi Sensing](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2502.12421/) (2025)
- [WiCluster: Passive Indoor 2D/3D Positioning using WiFi without Precise Labels](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2107.01002/) (2021)
- [Hands-on Wireless Sensing with Wi-Fi: A Tutorial](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2206.09532/) (2022)
- [3D Human Mesh Construction Leveraging Wi-Fi](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2210.10957/) (2022)
- [Towards SISO Bistatic Sensing for ISAC](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2508.12614/) (2025)
- [Map++: Towards User-Participatory Visual SLAM Systems with Efficient Map Expansion and Sharing](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2411.02553/) (2024)
- [3D Human Pose Estimation for Free-form Activity Using WiFi Signals](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2110.08314/) (2021)
- [Indoor Millimeter Wave Localization using Multiple Self-Supervised Tiny Neural Networks](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2311.18732/) (2023)
- [SAWEC: Sensing-Assisted Wireless Edge Computing](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2402.10021/) (2024)
- [Cross-Domain Multi-Person Human Activity Recognition via Near-Field Wi-Fi Sensing](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2510.17816/) (2025)
- [Radiance-Field Guided Pretraining: Scaling Localization Models with Unlabeled Wireless Signals](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2512.07309/) (2025)
- [GLocFM: A Geometry-Aware Foundation Model for 3D Indoor Wireless Localization](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2608.09285/) (2026)

## Abstract (arXiv)

Wi-Fi localization and tracking face accuracy limitations dictated by antenna count (for angle-of-arrival methods) and frequency bandwidth (for time-of-arrival methods). This paper presents mD-Track a device-free Wi-Fi tracking system capable of jointly fusing information from as many dimensions as possible to overcome the resolution limit of each individual dimension. Through a novel path separation algorithm, mD-Track can resolve multipath at a much finer-grained resolution, isolating signals reflected off targets of interest. mD-Track can localize human passively at a high accuracy with just a single Wi-Fi transceiver pair. mD-Track also introduces novel methods to greatly streamline its estimation algorithms, achieving real-time operation. We implement mD-Track on both WARP and cheap off-the-shelf commodity Wi-Fi hardware and evaluate its performance in different indoor environments.