# Empowerment-driven Exploration using Mutual Information Estimation

arXiv: https://arxiv.org/abs/1810.05533 · HTML: https://mlsanity.com/paper/1810.05533/

## Key facts

- Cited by 2 papers in the map (data through 14 Oct 2026).
- First posted on arXiv 11 Oct 2018.

## Built on by (most cited first, 2 of 2)

- [Embodied Co-Design for Rapidly Evolving Agents: Taxonomy, Frontiers, and Challenges](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2512.04770/) (2025)
- [Information-Theoretic Policy Pre-Training with Empowerment](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2510.05996/) (2025)

## Abstract (arXiv)

Exploration is a difficult challenge in reinforcement learning and is of prime importance in sparse reward environments. However, many of the state of the art deep reinforcement learning algorithms, that rely on epsilon-greedy, fail on these environments. In such cases, empowerment can serve as an intrinsic reward signal to enable the agent to maximize the influence it has over the near future. We formulate empowerment as the channel capacity between states and actions and is calculated by estimating the mutual information between the actions and the following states. The mutual information is estimated using Mutual Information Neural Estimator and a forward dynamics model. We demonstrate that an empowerment driven agent is able to improve significantly the score of a baseline DQN agent on the game of Montezuma's Revenge.