# BERT: Pre-training of Deep Bidirectional Transformers for Language Understanding

arXiv: https://arxiv.org/abs/1810.04805 · HTML: https://mlsanity.com/paper/1810.04805/

## Key facts

- Cited by 40,399 papers in the map (data through 14 Oct 2026).
- First posted on arXiv 11 Oct 2018.

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## Abstract (arXiv)

We introduce a new language representation model called BERT, which stands for Bidirectional Encoder Representations from Transformers. Unlike recent language representation models, BERT is designed to pre-train deep bidirectional representations from unlabeled text by jointly conditioning on both left and right context in all layers. As a result, the pre-trained BERT model can be fine-tuned with just one additional output layer to create state-of-the-art models for a wide range of tasks, such as question answering and language inference, without substantial task-specific architecture modifications. BERT is conceptually simple and empirically powerful. It obtains new state-of-the-art results on eleven natural language processing tasks, including pushing the GLUE score to 80.5% (7.7% point absolute improvement), MultiNLI accuracy to 86.7% (4.6% absolute improvement), SQuAD v1.1 question answering Test F1 to 93.2 (1.5 point absolute improvement) and SQuAD v2.0 Test F1 to 83.1 (5.1 point absolute improvement).