# Every Node Counts: Self-Ensembling Graph Convolutional Networks for Semi-Supervised Learning

arXiv: https://arxiv.org/abs/1809.09925 · HTML: https://mlsanity.com/paper/1809.09925/

## Key facts

- Cited by 6 papers in the map (data through 14 Oct 2026).
- First posted on arXiv 26 Sep 2018.

## Built on by (most cited first, 6 of 6)

- [AGRNet: Adaptive Graph Representation Learning and Reasoning for Face Parsing](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2101.07034/) (2021)
- [Robust Self-Ensembling Network for Hyperspectral Image Classification](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2104.03765/) (2021)
- [Automated Deepfake Detection](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2106.10705/) (2021)
- [Graph Classification via Discriminative Edge Feature Learning](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2210.02060/) (2022)
- [Ensemble Predicate Decoding for Unbiased Scene Graph Generation](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2408.14187/) (2024)
- [Adapt, Agree, Aggregate: Semi-Supervised Ensemble Labeling for Graph Convolutional Networks](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2503.17842/) (2025)

## Abstract (arXiv)

Graph convolutional network (GCN) provides a powerful means for graph-based semi-supervised tasks. However, as a localized first-order approximation of spectral graph convolution, the classic GCN can not take full advantage of unlabeled data, especially when the unlabeled node is far from labeled ones. To capitalize on the information from unlabeled nodes to boost the training for GCN, we propose a novel framework named Self-Ensembling GCN (SEGCN), which marries GCN with Mean Teacher - another powerful model in semi-supervised learning. SEGCN contains a student model and a teacher model. As a student, it not only learns to correctly classify the labeled nodes, but also tries to be consistent with the teacher on unlabeled nodes in more challenging situations, such as a high dropout rate and graph collapse. As a teacher, it averages the student model weights and generates more accurate predictions to lead the student. In such a mutual-promoting process, both labeled and unlabeled samples can be fully utilized for backpropagating effective gradients to train GCN. In three article classification tasks, i.e. Citeseer, Cora and Pubmed, we validate that the proposed method matches the state of the arts in the classification accuracy.