# Applying the Closed World Assumption to SUMO-based FOL Ontologies for Effective Commonsense Reasoning

arXiv: https://arxiv.org/abs/1808.04620 · HTML: https://mlsanity.com/paper/1808.04620/

## Key facts

- Cited by 2 papers in the map (data through 14 Oct 2026).
- First posted on arXiv 14 Aug 2018.

## Built on by (most cited first, 2 of 2)

- [The Path to Autonomous Learners](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2211.02403/) (2022)
- [Which bird does not have wings: Negative-constrained KGQA with Schema-guided Semantic Matching and Self-directed Refinement](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2604.14749/) (2026)

## Abstract (arXiv)

Most commonly, the Open World Assumption is adopted as a standard strategy for the design, construction and use of ontologies. This strategy limits the inferencing capabilities of any system because non-asserted statements (missing knowledge) could be assumed to be alternatively true or false. As we will demonstrate, this is especially the case of first-order logic (FOL) ontologies where non-asserted statements is nowadays one of the main obstacles to its practical application in automated commonsense reasoning tasks. In this paper, we investigate the application of the Closed World Assumption (CWA) to enable a better exploitation of FOL ontologies by using state-of-the-art automated theorem provers. To that end, we explore different CWA formulations for the structural knowledge encoded in a FOL translation of the SUMO ontology, discovering that almost 30 % of the structural knowledge is missing. We evaluate these formulations on a practical experimentation using a very large commonsense benchmark obtained from WordNet through its mapping to SUMO. The results show that the competency of the ontology improves more than 50 % when reasoning under the CWA. Thus, applying the CWA automatically to FOL ontologies reduces their ambiguity and more commonsense questions can be answered