# Governing autonomous vehicles: emerging responses for safety, liability, privacy, cybersecurity, and industry risks

arXiv: https://arxiv.org/abs/1807.05720 · HTML: https://mlsanity.com/paper/1807.05720/

## Key facts

- Cited by 21 papers in the map (data through 14 Oct 2026).
- First posted on arXiv 16 Jul 2018.

## Built on by (most cited first, 21 of 21)

- [Milestones in Autonomous Driving and Intelligent Vehicles: Survey of Surveys](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2303.17220/) (2023)
- [Explainable Artificial Intelligence for Autonomous Driving: A Comprehensive Overview and Field Guide for Future Research Directions](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2112.11561/) (2021)
- [Towards Long-Tailed 3D Detection](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2211.08691/) (2022)
- [Long-Tailed 3D Detection via Multi-Modal Fusion](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2312.10986/) (2023)
- [Towards a Robust and Trustworthy Machine Learning System Development: An Engineering Perspective](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2101.03042/) (2021)
- [Autonomous Driving Small-Scale Cars: A Survey of Recent Development](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2404.06229/) (2024)
- [The Risks of Machine Learning Systems](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2204.09852/) (2022)
- [Privacy of Autonomous Vehicles: Risks, Protection Methods, and Future Directions](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2209.04022/) (2022)
- [Towards Safe Autonomy in Hybrid Traffic: Detecting Unpredictable Abnormal Behaviors of Human Drivers via Information Sharing](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2309.16716/) (2023)
- [A Principle of Targeted Intervention for Multi-Agent Reinforcement Learning](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2510.17697/) (2025)
- [Motion Comfort Optimization for Autonomous Vehicles: Concepts, Methods, and Techniques](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2306.09462/) (2023)
- [Advising Autonomous Cars about the Rules of the Road](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2209.14035/) (2022)
- [Driving Towards Inclusion: A Systematic Review of AI-powered Accessibility Enhancements for People with Disability in Autonomous Vehicles](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2401.14571/) (2024)
- [Legal and ethical implications of applications based on agreement technologies: the case of auction-based road intersections](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2402.01673/) (2024)
- [Safeguarding connected autonomous vehicle communication: Protocols, intra- and inter-vehicular attacks and defenses](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2502.04201/) (2025)
- [SemLT3D: Semantic-Guided Expert Distillation for Camera-only Long-Tailed 3D Object Detection](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2604.18476/) (2026)
- [From the Head or the Heart? An Experimental Design on the Impact of Explanation on Cognitive and Affective Trust](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2110.03433/) (2021)
- [The Self-Driving Car: Crossroads at the Bleeding Edge of Artificial Intelligence and Law](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2202.02734/) (2022)
- [Towards human-compatible autonomous car: A study of non-verbal Turing test in automated driving with affective transition modelling](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2212.02908/) (2022)
- [Effect of roundabout design on the behavior of road users: A case study of roundabouts with application of Unsupervised Machine Learning](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2309.14540/) (2023)
- [Structured AI Decision-Making in Disaster Management](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2509.01576/) (2025)

## Abstract (arXiv)

The benefits of autonomous vehicles (AVs) are widely acknowledged, but there are concerns about the extent of these benefits and AV risks and unintended consequences. In this article, we first examine AVs and different categories of the technological risks associated with them. We then explore strategies that can be adopted to address these risks, and explore emerging responses by governments for addressing AV risks. Our analyses reveal that, thus far, governments have in most instances avoided stringent measures in order to promote AV developments and the majority of responses are non-binding and focus on creating councils or working groups to better explore AV implications. The US has been active in introducing legislations to address issues related to privacy and cybersecurity. The UK and Germany, in particular, have enacted laws to address liability issues, other countries mostly acknowledge these issues, but have yet to implement specific strategies. To address privacy and cybersecurity risks strategies ranging from introduction or amendment of non-AV specific legislation to creating working groups have been adopted. Much less attention has been paid to issues such as environmental and employment risks, although a few governments have begun programmes to retrain workers who might be negatively affected.