# Raise Your Game for Split Manufacturing: Restoring the True Functionality Through BEOL

arXiv: https://arxiv.org/abs/1806.09135 · HTML: https://mlsanity.com/paper/1806.09135/

## Key facts

- Cited by 2 papers in the map (data through 14 Oct 2026).
- First posted on arXiv 24 Jun 2018.

## Built on by (most cited first, 2 of 2)

- [HW2VEC: A Graph Learning Tool for Automating Hardware Security](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2107.12328/) (2021)
- [GNN4IP: Graph Neural Network for Hardware Intellectual Property Piracy Detection](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2107.09130/) (2021)

## Abstract (arXiv)

Split manufacturing (SM) seeks to protect against piracy of intellectual property (IP) in chip designs. Here we propose a scheme to manipulate both placement and routing in an intertwined manner, thereby increasing the resilience of SM layouts. Key stages of our scheme are to (partially) randomize a design, place and route the erroneous netlist, and restore the original design by re-routing the BEOL. Based on state-of-the-art proximity attacks, we demonstrate that our scheme notably excels over the prior art (i.e., 0% correct connection rates). Our scheme induces controllable PPA overheads and lowers commercial cost (the latter by splitting at higher layers).