# Enhanced-alignment Measure for Binary Foreground Map Evaluation

arXiv: https://arxiv.org/abs/1805.10421 · HTML: https://mlsanity.com/paper/1805.10421/

## Key facts

- Cited by 370 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026).
- First posted on arXiv 26 May 2018.

## Built on by (most cited first, 30 of 370)

- [Concealed Object Detection](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2102.10274/) (2021)
- [Simultaneously Localize, Segment and Rank the Camouflaged Objects](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2103.04011/) (2021)
- [Visual Saliency Transformer](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2104.12099/) (2021)
- [Polyp-PVT: Polyp Segmentation with Pyramid Vision Transformers](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2108.06932/) (2021)
- [Zoom In and Out: A Mixed-scale Triplet Network for Camouflaged Object Detection](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2203.02688/) (2022)
- [Salient Object Detection via Integrity Learning](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2101.07663/) (2021)
- [Uncertainty-aware Joint Salient Object and Camouflaged Object Detection](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2104.02628/) (2021)
- [Bilateral Reference for High-Resolution Dichotomous Image Segmentation](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2401.03407/) (2024)
- [Highly Accurate Dichotomous Image Segmentation](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2203.03041/) (2022)
- [Feature Shrinkage Pyramid for Camouflaged Object Detection with Transformers](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2303.14816/) (2023)
- [Video Polyp Segmentation: A Deep Learning Perspective](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2203.14291/) (2022)
- [Automatic Polyp Segmentation via Multi-scale Subtraction Network](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2108.05082/) (2021)
- [Progressively Normalized Self-Attention Network for Video Polyp Segmentation](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2105.08468/) (2021)
- [What Matters When Repurposing Diffusion Models for General Dense Perception Tasks?](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2403.06090/) (2024)
- [Specificity-preserving RGB-D Saliency Detection](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2108.08162/) (2021)
- [AutoSAM: Adapting SAM to Medical Images by Overloading the Prompt Encoder](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2306.06370/) (2023)
- [Deep Gradient Learning for Efficient Camouflaged Object Detection](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2205.12853/) (2022)
- [Pyramid Grafting Network for One-Stage High Resolution Saliency Detection](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2204.05041/) (2022)
- [Implicit Motion Handling for Video Camouflaged Object Detection](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2203.07363/) (2022)
- [SwinNet: Swin Transformer drives edge-aware RGB-D and RGB-T salient object detection](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2204.05585/) (2022)
- [Can SAM Segment Polyps?](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2304.07583/) (2023)
- [CamoFormer: Masked Separable Attention for Camouflaged Object Detection](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2212.06570/) (2022)
- [DFormer: Rethinking RGBD Representation Learning for Semantic Segmentation](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2309.09668/) (2023)
- [Learning Generative Vision Transformer with Energy-Based Latent Space for Saliency Prediction](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2112.13528/) (2021)
- [Deep RGB-D Saliency Detection with Depth-Sensitive Attention and Automatic Multi-Modal Fusion](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2103.11832/) (2021)
- [A Unified Transformer Framework for Group-based Segmentation: Co-Segmentation, Co-Saliency Detection and Video Salient Object Detection](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2203.04708/) (2022)
- [ZoomNeXt: A Unified Collaborative Pyramid Network for Camouflaged Object Detection](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2310.20208/) (2023)
- [CAVER: Cross-Modal View-Mixed Transformer for Bi-Modal Salient Object Detection](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2112.02363/) (2021)
- [Advances in Deep Concealed Scene Understanding](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2304.11234/) (2023)
- [TriTransNet: RGB-D Salient Object Detection with a Triplet Transformer Embedding Network](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2108.03990/) (2021)

## Abstract (arXiv)

The existing binary foreground map (FM) measures to address various types of errors in either pixel-wise or structural ways. These measures consider pixel-level match or image-level information independently, while cognitive vision studies have shown that human vision is highly sensitive to both global information and local details in scenes. In this paper, we take a detailed look at current binary FM evaluation measures and propose a novel and effective E-measure (Enhanced-alignment measure). Our measure combines local pixel values with the image-level mean value in one term, jointly capturing image-level statistics and local pixel matching information. We demonstrate the superiority of our measure over the available measures on 4 popular datasets via 5 meta-measures, including ranking models for applications, demoting generic, random Gaussian noise maps, ground-truth switch, as well as human judgments. We find large improvements in almost all the meta-measures. For instance, in terms of application ranking, we observe improvementrangingfrom9.08% to 19.65% compared with other popular measures.