# Nethammer: Inducing Rowhammer Faults through Network Requests

arXiv: https://arxiv.org/abs/1805.04956 · HTML: https://mlsanity.com/paper/1805.04956/

## Key facts

- Cited by 7 papers in the map (data through 14 Oct 2026).
- First posted on arXiv 13 May 2018.

## Built on by (most cited first, 7 of 7)

- [Don't Knock! Rowhammer at the Backdoor of DNN Models](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2110.07683/) (2021)
- [Maximal Brain Damage Without Data or Optimization: Disrupting Neural Networks via Sign-Bit Flips](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2502.07408/) (2025)
- [Compiled Models, Built-In Exploits: Uncovering Pervasive Bit-Flip Attack Surfaces in DNN Executables](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2309.06223/) (2023)
- [SAfER: Layer-Level Sensitivity Assessment for Efficient and Robust Neural Network Inference](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2308.04753/) (2023)
- [Attacking Graph Neural Networks with Bit Flips: Weisfeiler and Lehman Go Indifferent](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2311.01205/) (2023)
- [Remote Rowhammer Attack using Adversarial Observations on Federated Learning Clients](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2505.06335/) (2025)
- [Decision-Level Hijacking: Injecting Cognitive Bias into Large Language Models via Bit-Flip Attacks](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2607.25227/) (2026)

## Abstract (arXiv)

A fundamental assumption in software security is that memory contents do not change unless there is a legitimate deliberate modification. Classical fault attacks show that this assumption does not hold if the attacker has physical access. Rowhammer attacks showed that local code execution is already sufficient to break this assumption. Rowhammer exploits parasitic effects in DRAM to modify the content of a memory cell without accessing it. Instead, other memory locations are accessed at a high frequency. All Rowhammer attacks so far were local attacks, running either in a scripted language or native code. In this paper, we present Nethammer. Nethammer is the first truly remote Rowhammer attack, without a single attacker-controlled line of code on the targeted system. Systems that use uncached memory or flush instructions while handling network requests, e.g., for interaction with the network device, can be attacked using Nethammer. Other systems can still be attacked if they are protected with quality-of-service techniques like Intel CAT. We demonstrate that the frequency of the cache misses is in all three cases high enough to induce bit flips. We evaluated different bit flip scenarios. Depending on the location, the bit flip compromises either the security and integrity of the system and the data of its users, or it can leave persistent damage on the system, i.e., persistent denial of service. We investigated Nethammer on personal computers, servers, and mobile phones. Nethammer is a security landslide, making the formerly local attack a remote attack.