# A Portuguese Native Language Identification Dataset

arXiv: https://arxiv.org/abs/1804.11346 · HTML: https://mlsanity.com/paper/1804.11346/

## Key facts

- Cited by 4 papers in the map (data through 14 Oct 2026).
- First posted on arXiv 30 Apr 2018.

## Built on by (most cited first, 4 of 4)

- [AfroLID: A Neural Language Identification Tool for African Languages](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2210.11744/) (2022)
- [Text mining in education](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2403.00769/) (2024)
- [Turkish Native Language Identification V2](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2307.14850/) (2023)
- [Multilingual Embedding Probes Fail to Generalize Across Learner Corpora](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2604.07095/) (2026)

## Abstract (arXiv)

In this paper we present NLI-PT, the first Portuguese dataset compiled for Native Language Identification (NLI), the task of identifying an author's first language based on their second language writing. The dataset includes 1,868 student essays written by learners of European Portuguese, native speakers of the following L1s: Chinese, English, Spanish, German, Russian, French, Japanese, Italian, Dutch, Tetum, Arabic, Polish, Korean, Romanian, and Swedish. NLI-PT includes the original student text and four different types of annotation: POS, fine-grained POS, constituency parses, and dependency parses. NLI-PT can be used not only in NLI but also in research on several topics in the field of Second Language Acquisition and educational NLP. We discuss possible applications of this dataset and present the results obtained for the first lexical baseline system for Portuguese NLI.