# Entangled-photon decision maker

arXiv: https://arxiv.org/abs/1804.04316 · HTML: https://mlsanity.com/paper/1804.04316/

## Key facts

- Cited by 6 papers in the map (data through 14 Oct 2026).
- First posted on arXiv 12 Apr 2018.

## Built on by (most cited first, 6 of 6)

- [Conflict-free collective stochastic decision making by orbital angular momentum of photons through quantum interference](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2107.00877/) (2021)
- [Conflict-free joint sampling for preference satisfaction through quantum interference](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2208.03082/) (2022)
- [Conflict-free joint decision by lag and zero-lag synchronization in laser network](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2307.15373/) (2023)
- [Decentralized multi-agent reinforcement learning algorithm using a cluster-synchronized laser network](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2407.09124/) (2024)
- [Bandit approach to conflict-free multi-agent Q-learning in view of photonic implementation](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2212.09926/) (2022)
- [Asymmetric quantum decision-making](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2305.02117/) (2023)

## Abstract (arXiv)

The competitive multi-armed bandit (CMAB) problem is related to social issues such as maximizing total social benefits while preserving equality among individuals by overcoming conflicts between individual decisions, which could seriously decrease social benefits. The study described herein provides experimental evidence that entangled photons physically resolve the CMAB in the 2-arms 2-players case, maximizing the social rewards while ensuring equality. Moreover, we demonstrated that deception, or outperforming the other player by receiving a greater reward, cannot be accomplished in a polarization-entangled-photon-based system, while deception is achievable in systems based on classical polarization-correlated photons with fixed polarizations. Besides, random polarization-correlated photons have been studied numerically and shown to ensure equality between players and deception prevention as well, although the CMAB maximum performance is reduced as compared with entangled photon experiments. Autonomous alignment schemes for polarization bases were also experimentally demonstrated based only on decision conflict information observed by an individual without communications between players. This study paves a way for collective decision making in uncertain dynamically changing environments based on entangled quantum states, a crucial step toward utilizing quantum systems for intelligent functionalities.