# Investigating Capsule Networks with Dynamic Routing for Text Classification

arXiv: https://arxiv.org/abs/1804.00538 · HTML: https://mlsanity.com/paper/1804.00538/

## Key facts

- Cited by 23 papers in the map (data through 14 Oct 2026).
- First posted on arXiv 29 Mar 2018.

## Built on by (most cited first, 23 of 23)

- [Automatic Text Evaluation through the Lens of Wasserstein Barycenters](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2108.12463/) (2021)
- [Topic-Aware Evidence Reasoning and Stance-Aware Aggregation for Fact Verification](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2106.01191/) (2021)
- [Learning with Capsules: A Survey](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2206.02664/) (2022)
- [Hater-O-Genius Aggression Classification using Capsule Networks](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2105.11219/) (2021)
- [Hierarchical Text Classification As Sub-Hierarchy Sequence Generation](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2111.11104/) (2021)
- [Graph Routing between Capsules](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2106.11531/) (2021)
- [Cross-lingual Capsule Network for Hate Speech Detection in Social Media](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2108.03089/) (2021)
- [Routing with Self-Attention for Multimodal Capsule Networks](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2112.00775/) (2021)
- [Deformable Capsules for Object Detection](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2104.05031/) (2021)
- [AdaptDHM: Adaptive Distribution Hierarchical Model for Multi-Domain CTR Prediction](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2211.12105/) (2022)
- [Adversarial Capsule Networks for Romanian Satire Detection and Sentiment Analysis](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2306.07845/) (2023)
- [Sentiment Analysis with Deep Learning Models: A Comparative Study on a Decade of Sinhala Language Facebook Data](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2201.03941/) (2022)
- [Sinhala Sentence Embedding: A Two-Tiered Structure for Low-Resource Languages](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2210.14472/) (2022)
- [RobCaps: Evaluating the Robustness of Capsule Networks against Affine Transformations and Adversarial Attacks](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2304.03973/) (2023)
- [X-CapsNet For Fake News Detection](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2307.12332/) (2023)
- [A Dual-Directional Context-Aware Test-Time Learning for Text Classification](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2503.15469/) (2025)
- [UPB at SemEval-2021 Task 7: Adversarial Multi-Task Learning for Detecting and Rating Humor and Offense](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2104.06063/) (2021)
- [Multi-hop Graph Convolutional Network with High-order Chebyshev Approximation for Text Reasoning](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2106.05221/) (2021)
- [Dual-State Capsule Networks for Text Classification](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2109.04762/) (2021)
- [SA-CNN: Application to text categorization issues using simulated annealing-based convolutional neural network optimization](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2303.07153/) (2023)
- [Capsule network with shortcut routing](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2307.10212/) (2023)
- [Cognition-Mode Aware Variational Representation Learning Framework for Knowledge Tracing](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2309.01179/) (2023)
- [PR-CapsNet: Pseudo-Riemannian Capsule Network with Adaptive Curvature Routing for Graph Learning](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2512.08218/) (2025)

## Abstract (arXiv)

In this study, we explore capsule networks with dynamic routing for text classification. We propose three strategies to stabilize the dynamic routing process to alleviate the disturbance of some noise capsules which may contain "background" information or have not been successfully trained. A series of experiments are conducted with capsule networks on six text classification benchmarks. Capsule networks achieve state of the art on 4 out of 6 datasets, which shows the effectiveness of capsule networks for text classification. We additionally show that capsule networks exhibit significant improvement when transfer single-label to multi-label text classification over strong baseline methods. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first work that capsule networks have been empirically investigated for text modeling.