# Learning Deep Models for Face Anti-Spoofing: Binary or Auxiliary Supervision

arXiv: https://arxiv.org/abs/1803.11097 · HTML: https://mlsanity.com/paper/1803.11097/

## Key facts

- Cited by 167 papers in the map (data through 14 Oct 2026).
- First posted on arXiv 29 Mar 2018.

## Built on by (most cited first, 30 of 167)

- [Domain Generalization via Shuffled Style Assembly for Face Anti-Spoofing](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2203.05340/) (2022)
- [PatchNet: A Simple Face Anti-Spoofing Framework via Fine-Grained Patch Recognition](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2203.14325/) (2022)
- [Deep Learning for Face Anti-Spoofing: A Survey](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2106.14948/) (2021)
- [Self-Domain Adaptation for Face Anti-Spoofing](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2102.12129/) (2021)
- [Adaptive Normalized Representation Learning for Generalizable Face Anti-Spoofing](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2108.02667/) (2021)
- [Camera Measurement of Physiological Vital Signs](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2111.11547/) (2021)
- [Rethinking Domain Generalization for Face Anti-spoofing: Separability and Alignment](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2303.13662/) (2023)
- [Dual-Cross Central Difference Network for Face Anti-Spoofing](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2105.01290/) (2021)
- [Dual Reweighting Domain Generalization for Face Presentation Attack Detection](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2106.16128/) (2021)
- [Generalizable Representation Learning for Mixture Domain Face Anti-Spoofing](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2105.02453/) (2021)
- [Contrastive Context-Aware Learning for 3D High-Fidelity Mask Face Presentation Attack Detection](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2104.06148/) (2021)
- [Instance-Aware Domain Generalization for Face Anti-Spoofing](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2304.05640/) (2023)
- [TransRPPG: Remote Photoplethysmography Transformer for 3D Mask Face Presentation Attack Detection](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2104.07419/) (2021)
- [SHIELD : An Evaluation Benchmark for Face Spoofing and Forgery Detection with Multimodal Large Language Models](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2402.04178/) (2024)
- [Biometrics: Trust, but Verify](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2105.06625/) (2021)
- [Multi-domain Learning for Updating Face Anti-spoofing Models](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2208.11148/) (2022)
- [CFPL-FAS: Class Free Prompt Learning for Generalizable Face Anti-spoofing](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2403.14333/) (2024)
- [Adaptive Transformers for Robust Few-shot Cross-domain Face Anti-spoofing](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2203.12175/) (2022)
- [Detection and Continual Learning of Novel Face Presentation Attacks](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2108.12081/) (2021)
- [Meta-Teacher For Face Anti-Spoofing](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2111.06638/) (2021)
- [Generative Domain Adaptation for Face Anti-Spoofing](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2207.10015/) (2022)
- [Unified Detection of Digital and Physical Face Attacks](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2104.02156/) (2021)
- [Learning Meta Pattern for Face Anti-Spoofing](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2110.06753/) (2021)
- [Adaptive Mixture of Experts Learning for Generalizable Face Anti-Spoofing](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2207.09868/) (2022)
- [Benchmarking Joint Face Spoofing and Forgery Detection with Visual and Physiological Cues](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2208.05401/) (2022)
- [Feature Generation and Hypothesis Verification for Reliable Face Anti-Spoofing](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2112.14894/) (2021)
- [FM-ViT: Flexible Modal Vision Transformers for Face Anti-Spoofing](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2305.03277/) (2023)
- [Flexible-Modal Face Anti-Spoofing: A Benchmark](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2202.08192/) (2022)
- [Real Masks and Spoof Faces: On the Masked Face Presentation Attack Detection](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2103.01546/) (2021)
- [Dual Spoof Disentanglement Generation for Face Anti-spoofing with Depth Uncertainty Learning](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2112.00568/) (2021)

## Abstract (arXiv)

Face anti-spoofing is the crucial step to prevent face recognition systems from a security breach. Previous deep learning approaches formulate face anti-spoofing as a binary classification problem. Many of them struggle to grasp adequate spoofing cues and generalize poorly. In this paper, we argue the importance of auxiliary supervision to guide the learning toward discriminative and generalizable cues. A CNN-RNN model is learned to estimate the face depth with pixel-wise supervision, and to estimate rPPG signals with sequence-wise supervision. Then we fuse the estimated depth and rPPG to distinguish live vs. spoof faces. In addition, we introduce a new face anti-spoofing database that covers a large range of illumination, subject, and pose variations. Experimental results show that our model achieves the state-of-the-art performance on both intra-database and cross-database testing.