# ZOOpt: Toolbox for Derivative-Free Optimization

arXiv: https://arxiv.org/abs/1801.00329 · HTML: https://mlsanity.com/paper/1801.00329/

## Key facts

- Cited by 12 papers in the map (data through 14 Oct 2026).
- First posted on arXiv 31 Dec 2017.

## Built on by (most cited first, 12 of 12)

- [Black-Box Tuning for Language-Model-as-a-Service](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2201.03514/) (2022)
- [Recent Advances for Quantum Neural Networks in Generative Learning](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2206.03066/) (2022)
- [Derivative-Free Reinforcement Learning: A Review](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2102.05710/) (2021)
- [Adversarial Counterfactual Environment Model Learning](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2206.04890/) (2022)
- [OpenBox: A Python Toolkit for Generalized Black-box Optimization](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2304.13339/) (2023)
- [X Hacking: The Threat of Misguided AutoML](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2401.08513/) (2024)
- [Trust Regions for Explanations via Black-Box Probabilistic Certification](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2402.11168/) (2024)
- [A Smooth Transition Between Induction and Deduction: Fast Abductive Learning Based on Probabilistic Symbol Perception](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2502.12919/) (2025)
- [A systematic study comparing hyperparameter optimization engines on tabular data](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2311.15854/) (2023)
- [Overcoming Knowledge Barriers: Online Imitation Learning from Visual Observation with Pretrained World Models](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2404.18896/) (2024)
- [Enhancing SAEAs with Unevaluated Solutions: A Case Study of Relation Model for Expensive Optimization](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2309.11994/) (2023)
- [Algorithmic Recourse of In-Context Learning for Tabular Data](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2605.31272/) (2026)

## Abstract (arXiv)

Recent advances in derivative-free optimization allow efficient approximation of the global-optimal solutions of sophisticated functions, such as functions with many local optima, non-differentiable and non-continuous functions. This article describes the ZOOpt (Zeroth Order Optimization) toolbox that provides efficient derivative-free solvers and is designed easy to use. ZOOpt provides single-machine parallel optimization on the basis of python core and multi-machine distributed optimization for time-consuming tasks by incorporating with the Ray framework -- a famous platform for building distributed applications. ZOOpt particularly focuses on optimization problems in machine learning, addressing high-dimensional and noisy problems such as hyper-parameter tuning and direct policy search. The toolbox is maintained toward a ready-to-use tool in real-world machine learning tasks.
