# Detecting Hate Speech in Social Media

arXiv: https://arxiv.org/abs/1712.06427 · HTML: https://mlsanity.com/paper/1712.06427/

## Key facts

- Cited by 42 papers in the map (data through 14 Oct 2026).
- First posted on arXiv 18 Dec 2017.

## Built on by (most cited first, 30 of 42)

- [Toxicity in ChatGPT: Analyzing Persona-assigned Language Models](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2304.05335/) (2023)
- [When Do Annotator Demographics Matter? Measuring the Influence of Annotator Demographics with the POPQUORN Dataset](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2306.06826/) (2023)
- ["HOT" ChatGPT: The promise of ChatGPT in detecting and discriminating hateful, offensive, and toxic comments on social media](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2304.10619/) (2023)
- [Toxicity Detection with Generative Prompt-based Inference](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2205.12390/) (2022)
- [MUDES: Multilingual Detection of Offensive Spans](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2102.09665/) (2021)
- [FBERT: A Neural Transformer for Identifying Offensive Content](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2109.05074/) (2021)
- [Cross-lingual Offensive Language Identification for Low Resource Languages: The Case of Marathi](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2109.03552/) (2021)
- [Multilingual Offensive Language Identification for Low-resource Languages](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2105.05996/) (2021)
- [Bangla hate speech detection on social media using attention-based recurrent neural network](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2203.16775/) (2022)
- [Vietnamese Hate and Offensive Detection using PhoBERT-CNN and Social Media Streaming Data](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2206.00524/) (2022)
- [Hate Speech Detection in Roman Urdu](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2108.02830/) (2021)
- [Evaluation of Deep Learning Models for Hostility Detection in Hindi Text](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2101.04144/) (2021)
- [WLV-RIT at SemEval-2021 Task 5: A Neural Transformer Framework for Detecting Toxic Spans](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2104.04630/) (2021)
- [Offensive Language Identification in Low-resourced Code-mixed Dravidian languages using Pseudo-labeling](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2108.12177/) (2021)
- [Rewiring What-to-Watch-Next Recommendations to Reduce Radicalization Pathways](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2202.00640/) (2022)
- [Hidden behind the obvious: misleading keywords and implicitly abusive language on social media](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2205.01374/) (2022)
- [CRUSH: Contextually Regularized and User anchored Self-supervised Hate speech Detection](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2204.06389/) (2022)
- [Predicting the Type and Target of Offensive Social Media Posts in Marathi](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2211.12570/) (2022)
- [Towards Offensive Language Identification for Tamil Code-Mixed YouTube Comments and Posts](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2108.10939/) (2021)
- [The ComMA Dataset V0.2: Annotating Aggression and Bias in Multilingual Social Media Discourse](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2111.10390/) (2021)
- [A Federated Learning Approach to Privacy Preserving Offensive Language Identification](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2404.11470/) (2024)
- [KBCNMUJAL@HASOC-Dravidian-CodeMix-FIRE2020: Using Machine Learning for Detection of Hate Speech and Offensive Code-Mixed Social Media text](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2102.09866/) (2021)
- [Hate Speech Classification Using SVM and Naive BAYES](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2204.07057/) (2022)
- [A Review of Challenges in Machine Learning based Automated Hate Speech Detection](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2209.05294/) (2022)
- [A Text-to-Text Model for Multilingual Offensive Language Identification](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2312.03379/) (2023)
- [MasonPerplexity at ClimateActivism 2024: Integrating Advanced Ensemble Techniques and Data Augmentation for Climate Activism Stance and Hate Event Identification](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2402.01976/) (2024)
- [IIITG-ADBU@HASOC-Dravidian-CodeMix-FIRE2020: Offensive Content Detection in Code-Mixed Dravidian Text](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2107.14336/) (2021)
- [Offensive Language Detection with BERT-based models, By Customizing Attention Probabilities](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2110.05133/) (2021)
- [Sentiment Analysis of Fashion Related Posts in Social Media](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2111.07815/) (2021)
- [SOLD: Sinhala Offensive Language Dataset](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2212.00851/) (2022)

## Abstract (arXiv)

In this paper we examine methods to detect hate speech in social media, while distinguishing this from general profanity. We aim to establish lexical baselines for this task by applying supervised classification methods using a recently released dataset annotated for this purpose. As features, our system uses character n-grams, word n-grams and word skip-grams. We obtain results of 78% accuracy in identifying posts across three classes. Results demonstrate that the main challenge lies in discriminating profanity and hate speech from each other. A number of directions for future work are discussed.