# Toward `verifying' a Water Treatment System

arXiv: https://arxiv.org/abs/1712.04155 · HTML: https://mlsanity.com/paper/1712.04155/

## Key facts

- Cited by 1 papers in the map (data through 14 Oct 2026).
- First posted on arXiv 12 Dec 2017.

## Built on by (most cited first, 1 of 1)

- [Adversarial Attacks and Mitigation for Anomaly Detectors of Cyber-Physical Systems](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2105.10707/) (2021)

## Abstract (arXiv)

Modeling and verifying real-world cyber-physical systems is challenging, which is especially so for complex systems where manually modeling is infeasible. In this work, we report our experience on combining model learning and abstraction refinement to analyze a challenging system, i.e., a real-world Secure Water Treatment system (SWaT). Given a set of safety requirements, the objective is to either show that the system is safe with a high probability (so that a system shutdown is rarely triggered due to safety violation) or not. As the system is too complicated to be manually modeled, we apply latest automatic model learning techniques to construct a set of Markov chains through abstraction and refinement, based on two long system execution logs (one for training and the other for testing). For each probabilistic safety property, we either report it does not hold with a certain level of probabilistic confidence, or report that it holds by showing the evidence in the form of an abstract Markov chain. The Markov chains can subsequently be implemented as runtime monitors in SWaT.