# Multi-Label Classification of Patient Notes a Case Study on ICD Code Assignment

arXiv: https://arxiv.org/abs/1709.09587 · HTML: https://mlsanity.com/paper/1709.09587/

## Key facts

- Cited by 37 papers in the map (data through 14 Oct 2026).
- First posted on arXiv 27 Sep 2017.

## Built on by (most cited first, 30 of 37)

- [PLM-ICD: Automatic ICD Coding with Pretrained Language Models](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2207.05289/) (2022)
- [Does the Magic of BERT Apply to Medical Code Assignment? A Quantitative Study](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2103.06511/) (2021)
- [Neural Natural Language Processing for Unstructured Data in Electronic Health Records: a Review](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2107.02975/) (2021)
- [Automated Clinical Coding: What, Why, and Where We Are?](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2203.11092/) (2022)
- [A Unified Review of Deep Learning for Automated Medical Coding](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2201.02797/) (2022)
- [Towards BERT-based Automatic ICD Coding: Limitations and Opportunities](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2104.06709/) (2021)
- [Read, Attend, and Code: Pushing the Limits of Medical Codes Prediction from Clinical Notes by Machines](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2107.10650/) (2021)
- [Multi-label classification for biomedical literature: an overview of the BioCreative VII LitCovid Track for COVID-19 literature topic annotations](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2204.09781/) (2022)
- [TransICD: Transformer Based Code-wise Attention Model for Explainable ICD Coding](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2104.10652/) (2021)
- [Hierarchical Label-wise Attention Transformer Model for Explainable ICD Coding](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2204.10716/) (2022)
- [A Systematic Literature Review of Automated ICD Coding and Classification Systems using Discharge Summaries](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2107.10652/) (2021)
- [Multi-stage Retrieve and Re-rank Model for Automatic Medical Coding Recommendation](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2405.19093/) (2024)
- [Classifying Unstructured Clinical Notes via Automatic Weak Supervision](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2206.12088/) (2022)
- [Medical Coding with Biomedical Transformer Ensembles and Zero/Few-shot Learning](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2206.02662/) (2022)
- [HiCu: Leveraging Hierarchy for Curriculum Learning in Automated ICD Coding](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2208.02301/) (2022)
- [Artificial Intelligence for In Silico Clinical Trials: A Review](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2209.09023/) (2022)
- [This Patient Looks Like That Patient: Prototypical Networks for Interpretable Diagnosis Prediction from Clinical Text](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2210.08500/) (2022)
- [Multitask Recalibrated Aggregation Network for Medical Code Prediction](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2104.00952/) (2021)
- [Modeling Diagnostic Label Correlation for Automatic ICD Coding](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2106.12800/) (2021)
- [Automated ICD Coding using Extreme Multi-label Long Text Transformer-based Models](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2212.05857/) (2022)
- [BERT for Long Documents: A Case Study of Automated ICD Coding](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2211.02519/) (2022)
- [Towards Semi-Structured Automatic ICD Coding via Tree-based Contrastive Learning](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2310.09672/) (2023)
- [HieNet: Bidirectional Hierarchy Framework for Automated ICD Coding](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2212.04891/) (2022)
- [Auxiliary Knowledge-Induced Learning for Automatic Multi-Label Medical Document Classification](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2405.19084/) (2024)
- [Inheritance-guided Hierarchical Assignment for Clinical Automatic Diagnosis](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2101.11374/) (2021)
- [Multi-target prediction for dummies using two-branch neural networks](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2104.09967/) (2021)
- [Multi label classification of Artificial Intelligence related patents using Modified D2SBERT and Sentence Attention mechanism](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2303.03165/) (2023)
- [Automatic Differential Diagnosis using Transformer-Based Multi-Label Sequence Classification](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2408.15827/) (2024)
- [Large Language Model in Medical Informatics: Direct Classification and Enhanced Text Representations for Automatic ICD Coding](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2411.06823/) (2024)
- [Time-aware Heterogeneous Graph Transformer with Adaptive Attention Merging for Health Event Prediction](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2404.14815/) (2024)

## Abstract (arXiv)

In the context of the Electronic Health Record, automated diagnosis coding of patient notes is a useful task, but a challenging one due to the large number of codes and the length of patient notes. We investigate four models for assigning multiple ICD codes to discharge summaries taken from both MIMIC II and III. We present Hierarchical Attention-GRU (HA-GRU), a hierarchical approach to tag a document by identifying the sentences relevant for each label. HA-GRU achieves state-of-the art results. Furthermore, the learned sentence-level attention layer highlights the model decision process, allows easier error analysis, and suggests future directions for improvement.