# Universal 3D Wearable Fingerprint Targets: Advancing Fingerprint Reader Evaluations

arXiv: https://arxiv.org/abs/1705.07972 · HTML: https://mlsanity.com/paper/1705.07972/

## Key facts

- Cited by 4 papers in the map (data through 14 Oct 2026).
- First posted on arXiv 22 May 2017.

## Built on by (most cited first, 4 of 4)

- [Biometrics: Trust, but Verify](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2105.06625/) (2021)
- [Fingerprint Presentation Attack Detection by Channel-wise Feature Denoising](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2111.07620/) (2021)
- [Review of the Fingerprint Liveness Detection (LivDet) competition series: from 2009 to 2021](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2202.07259/) (2022)
- [Internal Structure Attention Network for Fingerprint Presentation Attack Detection from Optical Coherence Tomography](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2303.11034/) (2023)

## Abstract (arXiv)

We present the design and manufacturing of high fidelity universal 3D fingerprint targets, which can be imaged on a variety of fingerprint sensing technologies, namely capacitive, contact-optical, and contactless-optical. Universal 3D fingerprint targets enable, for the first time, not only a repeatable and controlled evaluation of fingerprint readers, but also the ability to conduct fingerprint reader interoperability studies. Fingerprint reader interoperability refers to how robust fingerprint recognition systems are to variations in the images acquired by different types of fingerprint readers. To build universal 3D fingerprint targets, we adopt a molding and casting framework consisting of (i) digital mapping of fingerprint images to a negative mold, (ii) CAD modeling a scaffolding system to hold the negative mold, (iii) fabricating the mold and scaffolding system with a high resolution 3D printer, (iv) producing or mixing a material with similar electrical, optical, and mechanical properties to that of the human finger, and (v) fabricating a 3D fingerprint target using controlled casting. Our experiments conducted with PIV and Appendix F certified optical (contact and contactless) and capacitive fingerprint readers demonstrate the usefulness of universal 3D fingerprint targets for controlled and repeatable fingerprint reader evaluations and also fingerprint reader interoperability studies.