# The TUM LapChole dataset for the M2CAI 2016 workflow challenge

arXiv: https://arxiv.org/abs/1610.09278 · HTML: https://mlsanity.com/paper/1610.09278/

## Key facts

- Cited by 38 papers in the map (data through 14 Oct 2026).
- First posted on arXiv 28 Oct 2016.

## Built on by (most cited first, 30 of 38)

- [Pixel-Wise Recognition for Holistic Surgical Scene Understanding](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2401.11174/) (2024)
- [CholecTriplet2021: A benchmark challenge for surgical action triplet recognition](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2204.04746/) (2022)
- [The SARAS Endoscopic Surgeon Action Detection (ESAD) dataset: Challenges and methods](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2104.03178/) (2021)
- [Towards Holistic Surgical Scene Understanding](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2212.04582/) (2022)
- [OphNet: A Large-Scale Video Benchmark for Ophthalmic Surgical Workflow Understanding](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2406.07471/) (2024)
- [Exploring Segment-level Semantics for Online Phase Recognition from Surgical Videos](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2111.11044/) (2021)
- [CholecTriplet2022: Show me a tool and tell me the triplet -- an endoscopic vision challenge for surgical action triplet detection](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2302.06294/) (2023)
- [Not End-to-End: Explore Multi-Stage Architecture for Online Surgical Phase Recognition](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2107.04810/) (2021)
- [LEMON: A Large Endoscopic MONocular Dataset and Foundation Model for Perception in Surgical Settings](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2503.19740/) (2025)
- [On the Pitfalls of Batch Normalization for End-to-End Video Learning: A Study on Surgical Workflow Analysis](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2203.07976/) (2022)
- [Federated Cycling (FedCy): Semi-supervised Federated Learning of Surgical Phases](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2203.07345/) (2022)
- [Revisiting Distillation for Continual Learning on Visual Question Localized-Answering in Robotic Surgery](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2307.12045/) (2023)
- [Deep Neural Networks for the Assessment of Surgical Skills: A Systematic Review](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2103.05113/) (2021)
- [Large-scale Self-supervised Video Foundation Model for Intelligent Surgery](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2506.02692/) (2025)
- [Video Dataset for Surgical Phase, Keypoint, and Instrument Recognition in Laparoscopic Surgery (PhaKIR)](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2511.06549/) (2025)
- [Free Lunch for Surgical Video Understanding by Distilling Self-Supervisions](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2205.09292/) (2022)
- [Surgical Workflow Recognition: from Analysis of Challenges to Architectural Study](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2203.09230/) (2022)
- [The FIX Benchmark: Extracting Features Interpretable to eXperts](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2409.13684/) (2024)
- [SurgMotion: A Video-Native Foundation Model for Universal Understanding of Surgical Videos](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2602.05638/) (2026)
- [MURPHY: Relations Matter in Surgical Workflow Analysis](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2212.12719/) (2022)
- [Automated Assessment of Critical View of Safety in Laparoscopic Cholecystectomy](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2309.07330/) (2023)
- [SurgPETL: Parameter-Efficient Image-to-Surgical-Video Transfer Learning for Surgical Phase Recognition](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2409.20083/) (2024)
- [Holistic Surgical Phase Recognition with Hierarchical Input Dependent State Space Models](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2506.21330/) (2025)
- [PoCaP Corpus: A Multimodal Dataset for Smart Operating Room Speech Assistant using Interventional Radiology Workflow Analysis](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2206.12320/) (2022)
- [GLENDA: Gynecologic Laparoscopy Endometriosis Dataset](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2508.21398/) (2025)
- [T-FIX: Text-Based Explanations with Features Interpretable to eXperts](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2511.04070/) (2025)
- [Project Imaging-X: A Survey of 1000+ Open-Access Medical Imaging Datasets for Foundation Model Development](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2603.27460/) (2026)
- [Towards Next-Generation Healthcare: A Survey of Medical Embodied AI for Perception, Decision-Making, and Action](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2606.15647/) (2026)
- [SurgAtlas: A Large-Scale Surgical Video-Language Dataset with 2,391 Hours of Open and Minimally Invasive Surgery](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2606.25905/) (2026)
- [Surgical Phase and Instrument Recognition: How to identify appropriate Dataset Splits](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2306.16879/) (2023)

## Abstract (arXiv)

In this technical report we present our collected dataset of laparoscopic cholecystectomies (LapChole). Laparoscopic videos of a total of 20 surgeries were recorded and annotated with surgical phase labels, of which 15 were randomly pre-determined as training data, while the remaining 5 videos are selected as test data. This dataset was later included as part of the M2CAI 2016 workflow detection challenge during MICCAI 2016 in Athens.