# Challenges of Computational Processing of Code-Switching

arXiv: https://arxiv.org/abs/1610.02213 · HTML: https://mlsanity.com/paper/1610.02213/

## Key facts

- Cited by 20 papers in the map (data through 14 Oct 2026).
- First posted on arXiv 7 Oct 2016.

## Built on by (most cited first, 20 of 20)

- [Multilingual and code-switching ASR challenges for low resource Indian languages](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2104.00235/) (2021)
- [The Decades Progress on Code-Switching Research in NLP: A Systematic Survey on Trends and Challenges](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2212.09660/) (2022)
- [On Language Models for Creoles](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2109.06074/) (2021)
- [Investigations on Speech Recognition Systems for Low-Resource Dialectal Arabic-English Code-Switching Speech](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2108.12881/) (2021)
- [ArzEn-ST: A Three-way Speech Translation Corpus for Code-Switched Egyptian Arabic - English](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2211.12000/) (2022)
- [PIER: A Novel Metric for Evaluating What Matters in Code-Switching](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2501.09512/) (2025)
- [Investigating Lexical Replacements for Arabic-English Code-Switched Data Augmentation](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2205.12649/) (2022)
- [From Human Judgements to Predictive Models: Unravelling Acceptability in Code-Mixed Sentences](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2405.05572/) (2024)
- [Exploring Segmentation Approaches for Neural Machine Translation of Code-Switched Egyptian Arabic-English Text](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2210.06990/) (2022)
- [Has It All Been Solved? Open NLP Research Questions Not Solved by Large Language Models](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2305.12544/) (2023)
- [A Survey of Code-switched Arabic NLP: Progress, Challenges, and Future Directions](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2501.13419/) (2025)
- [Beqi: Revitalize the Senegalese Wolof Language with a Robust Spelling Corrector](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2305.08518/) (2023)
- [Prompting Towards Alleviating Code-Switched Data Scarcity in Under-Resourced Languages with GPT as a Pivot](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2404.17216/) (2024)
- [Predicting User Code-Switching Level from Sociological and Psychological Profiles](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2112.06462/) (2021)
- [The Who in Code-Switching: A Case Study for Predicting Egyptian Arabic-English Code-Switching Levels based on Character Profiles](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2208.00433/) (2022)
- [Computational Approaches to Arabic-English Code-Switching](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2410.13318/) (2024)
- [TuGeBiC: A Turkish German Bilingual Code-Switching Corpus](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2205.00868/) (2022)
- [PreCogIIITH at HinglishEval : Leveraging Code-Mixing Metrics & Language Model Embeddings To Estimate Code-Mix Quality](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2206.07988/) (2022)
- [Opportunities and Challenges of Natural Language Processing for Low-Resource Senegalese Languages in Social Science Research](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2601.09716/) (2025)
- [Correction as Annotation: Bootstrapping a Dependency Parser for Documentary Medieval Latin](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2609.06266/) (2026)

## Abstract (arXiv)

This paper addresses challenges of Natural Language Processing (NLP) on non-canonical multilingual data in which two or more languages are mixed. It refers to code-switching which has become more popular in our daily life and therefore obtains an increasing amount of attention from the research community. We report our experience that cov- ers not only core NLP tasks such as normalisation, language identification, language modelling, part-of-speech tagging and dependency parsing but also more downstream ones such as machine translation and automatic speech recognition. We highlight and discuss the key problems for each of the tasks with supporting examples from different language pairs and relevant previous work.