# CSI-based Fingerprinting for Indoor Localization: A Deep Learning Approach

arXiv: https://arxiv.org/abs/1603.07080 · HTML: https://mlsanity.com/paper/1603.07080/

## Key facts

- Cited by 39 papers in the map (data through 14 Oct 2026).
- First posted on arXiv 23 Mar 2016.

## Built on by (most cited first, 30 of 39)

- [EfficientFi: Towards Large-Scale Lightweight WiFi Sensing via CSI Compression](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2204.04138/) (2022)
- [Generative Adversarial Networks (GANs) in Networking: A Comprehensive Survey & Evaluation](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2105.04184/) (2021)
- [CSI-Bench: A Large-Scale In-the-Wild Dataset for Multi-task WiFi Sensing](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2505.21866/) (2025)
- [In-Network Learning: Distributed Training and Inference in Networks](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2107.03433/) (2021)
- [Deep Learning Methods for Fingerprint-Based Indoor Positioning: A Review](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2205.14935/) (2022)
- [Computational Imaging and Artificial Intelligence: The Next Revolution of Mobile Vision](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2109.08880/) (2021)
- [CSI-fingerprinting Indoor Localization via Attention-Augmented Residual Convolutional Neural Network](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2205.05775/) (2022)
- [DeepLoc: A Ubiquitous Accurate and Low-Overhead Outdoor Cellular Localization System](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2106.13632/) (2021)
- [AI-driven Wireless Positioning: Fundamentals, Standards, State-of-the-art, and Challenges](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2501.14970/) (2025)
- [Gesture Recognition with mmWave Wi-Fi Access Points: Lessons Learned](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2306.17062/) (2023)
- [Using Synthetic Data to Enhance the Accuracy of Fingerprint-Based Localization: A Deep Learning Approach](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2105.01903/) (2021)
- [Few-Shot Transfer Learning for Device-Free Fingerprinting Indoor Localization](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2201.12656/) (2022)
- [On In-network learning. A Comparative Study with Federated and Split Learning](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2104.14929/) (2021)
- [Multi-Band Wi-Fi Sensing with Matched Feature Granularity](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2112.14006/) (2021)
- [A Framework for CSI-Based Indoor Localization with 1D Convolutional Neural Networks](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2205.08068/) (2022)
- [Adversarial Bi-Regressor Network for Domain Adaptive Regression](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2209.09943/) (2022)
- [BTS: Bifold Teacher-Student in Semi-Supervised Learning for Indoor Two-Room Presence Detection Under Time-Varying CSI](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2212.10802/) (2022)
- [iRadioDiff: Physics-Informed Diffusion Model for Indoor Radio Map Construction and Localization](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2511.20015/) (2025)
- [Privacy-Preserving by Design: Indoor Positioning System Using Wi-Fi Passive TDOA](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2306.02211/) (2023)
- [Lessons from Deploying Learning-based CSI Localization on a Large-Scale ISAC Platform](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2504.17173/) (2025)
- [WiFiNet: WiFi-based indoor localisation using CNNs](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2104.06768/) (2021)
- [Learning to Compensate: A Deep Neural Network Framework for 5G Power Amplifier Compensation](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2106.07953/) (2021)
- [Outdoor Position Recovery from HeterogeneousTelco Cellular Data](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2108.10613/) (2021)
- [Indoor Localization Using Smartphone Magnetic with Multi-Scale TCN and LSTM](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2109.11750/) (2021)
- [Channel State Information Based Localization with Deep Learning](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2109.12398/) (2021)
- [DEFORM: A Practical, Universal Deep Beamforming System](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2203.09727/) (2022)
- [Position Tracking using Likelihood Modeling of Channel Features with Gaussian Processes](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2203.13110/) (2022)
- [Machine Learning Methods for Device Identification Using Wireless Fingerprinting](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2211.01963/) (2022)
- [Wireless Channel Aware Data Augmentation Methods for Deep Learning-Based Indoor Localization](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2408.06452/) (2024)
- [Relative Positioning for Aerial Robot Path Planning in GPS Denied Environment](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2409.10193/) (2024)

## Abstract (arXiv)

With the fast growing demand of location-based services in indoor environments, indoor positioning based on fingerprinting has attracted a lot of interest due to its high accuracy. In this paper, we present a novel deep learning based indoor fingerprinting system using Channel State Information (CSI), which is termed DeepFi. Based on three hypotheses on CSI, the DeepFi system architecture includes an off-line training phase and an on-line localization phase. In the off-line training phase, deep learning is utilized to train all the weights of a deep network as fingerprints. Moreover, a greedy learning algorithm is used to train the weights layer-by-layer to reduce complexity. In the on-line localization phase, we use a probabilistic method based on the radial basis function to obtain the estimated location. Experimental results are presented to confirm that DeepFi can effectively reduce location error compared with three existing methods in two representative indoor environments.