# A Comparison of Policies on the Participation of Storage in U.S. Frequency Regulation Markets

arXiv: https://arxiv.org/abs/1602.04420 · HTML: https://mlsanity.com/paper/1602.04420/

## Key facts

- Cited by 2 papers in the map (data through 14 Oct 2026).
- First posted on arXiv 14 Feb 2016.

## Built on by (most cited first, 2 of 2)

- [A Learning-based Optimal Market Bidding Strategy for Price-Maker Energy Storage](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2106.02396/) (2021)
- [Reinforcement Learning for Battery Energy Storage Dispatch augmented with Model-based Optimizer](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2109.01659/) (2021)

## Abstract (arXiv)

Because energy storage systems have better ramping characteristics than traditional generators, their participation in frequency regulation should facilitate the balancing of load and generation. However, they cannot sustain their output indefinitely. System operators have therefore implemented new frequency regulation policies to take advantage of the fast ramps that energy storage systems can deliver while alleviating the problems associated with their limited energy capacity. This paper contrasts several U.S. policies that directly affect the participation of energy storage systems in frequency regulation and compares the revenues that the owners of such systems might achieve under each policy.