# Bitcoin-NG: A Scalable Blockchain Protocol

arXiv: https://arxiv.org/abs/1510.02037 · HTML: https://mlsanity.com/paper/1510.02037/

## Key facts

- Cited by 3 papers in the map (data through 14 Oct 2026).
- First posted on arXiv 7 Oct 2015.

## Built on by (most cited first, 3 of 3)

- [Bitcoin Research with a Transaction Graph Dataset](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2411.10325/) (2024)
- [Blockchain and Biometrics: Survey, GDPR Analysis, and Future Directions](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2302.10883/) (2023)
- [A Survey on Blockchain-based Supply Chain Finance with Progress and Future directions](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2408.08915/) (2024)

## Abstract (arXiv)

Cryptocurrencies, based on and led by Bitcoin, have shown promise as infrastructure for pseudonymous online payments, cheap remittance, trustless digital asset exchange, and smart contracts. However, Bitcoin-derived blockchain protocols have inherent scalability limits that trade-off between throughput and latency and withhold the realization of this potential. This paper presents Bitcoin-NG, a new blockchain protocol designed to scale. Based on Bitcoin's blockchain protocol, Bitcoin-NG is Byzantine fault tolerant, is robust to extreme churn, and shares the same trust model obviating qualitative changes to the ecosystem. In addition to Bitcoin-NG, we introduce several novel metrics of interest in quantifying the security and efficiency of Bitcoin-like blockchain protocols. We implement Bitcoin-NG and perform large-scale experiments at 15% the size of the operational Bitcoin system, using unchanged clients of both protocols. These experiments demonstrate that Bitcoin-NG scales optimally, with bandwidth limited only by the capacity of the individual nodes and latency limited only by the propagation time of the network.