# Recognize Foreign Low-Frequency Words with Similar Pairs

arXiv: https://arxiv.org/abs/1506.04940 · HTML: https://mlsanity.com/paper/1506.04940/

## Key facts

- Cited by 1 papers in the map (data through 14 Oct 2026).
- First posted on arXiv 16 Jun 2015.

## Built on by (most cited first, 1 of 1)

- [Exploring Retraining-Free Speech Recognition for Intra-sentential Code-Switching](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2109.00921/) (2021)

## Abstract (arXiv)

Low-frequency words place a major challenge for automatic speech recognition (ASR). The probabilities of these words, which are often important name entities, are generally under-estimated by the language model (LM) due to their limited occurrences in the training data. Recently, we proposed a word-pair approach to deal with the problem, which borrows information of frequent words to enhance the probabilities of low-frequency words. This paper presents an extension to the word-pair method by involving multiple `predicting words' to produce better estimation for low-frequency words. We also employ this approach to deal with out-of-language words in the task of multi-lingual speech recognition.