# Training Deep Neural Networks on Noisy Labels with Bootstrapping

arXiv: https://arxiv.org/abs/1412.6596 · HTML: https://mlsanity.com/paper/1412.6596/

## Key facts

- Cited by 322 papers in the map (data through 14 Oct 2026).
- First posted on arXiv 20 Dec 2014.

## Built on by (most cited first, 30 of 322)

- [Ego-Exo4D: Understanding Skilled Human Activity from First- and Third-Person Perspectives](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2311.18259/) (2023)
- [Weak-to-Strong Generalization: Eliciting Strong Capabilities With Weak Supervision](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2312.09390/) (2023)
- [A Survey on Deep Semi-supervised Learning](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2103.00550/) (2021)
- [BlenderBot 3: a deployed conversational agent that continually learns to responsibly engage](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2208.03188/) (2022)
- [GPT3Mix: Leveraging Large-scale Language Models for Text Augmentation](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2104.08826/) (2021)
- [Secrets of RLHF in Large Language Models Part II: Reward Modeling](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2401.06080/) (2024)
- [Data Collection and Quality Challenges in Deep Learning: A Data-Centric AI Perspective](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2112.06409/) (2021)
- [Learning with Feature-Dependent Label Noise: A Progressive Approach](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2103.07756/) (2021)
- [Provably End-to-end Label-Noise Learning without Anchor Points](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2102.02400/) (2021)
- [Robust Training under Label Noise by Over-parameterization](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2202.14026/) (2022)
- [Augmentation Strategies for Learning with Noisy Labels](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2103.02130/) (2021)
- [FINE Samples for Learning with Noisy Labels](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2102.11628/) (2021)
- [Jo-SRC: A Contrastive Approach for Combating Noisy Labels](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2103.13029/) (2021)
- [Robust Audio-Visual Instance Discrimination](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2103.15916/) (2021)
- [Generalized Jensen-Shannon Divergence Loss for Learning with Noisy Labels](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2105.04522/) (2021)
- [NRGNN: Learning a Label Noise-Resistant Graph Neural Network on Sparsely and Noisily Labeled Graphs](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2106.04714/) (2021)
- [To Smooth or Not? When Label Smoothing Meets Noisy Labels](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2106.04149/) (2021)
- [Adaptive Early-Learning Correction for Segmentation from Noisy Annotations](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2110.03740/) (2021)
- [Open-set Label Noise Can Improve Robustness Against Inherent Label Noise](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2106.10891/) (2021)
- [Learning with Neighbor Consistency for Noisy Labels](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2202.02200/) (2022)
- [Robust Cross-Modal Representation Learning with Progressive Self-Distillation](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2204.04588/) (2022)
- [Co-learning: Learning from Noisy Labels with Self-supervision](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2108.04063/) (2021)
- [Self-Guided Noise-Free Data Generation for Efficient Zero-Shot Learning](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2205.12679/) (2022)
- [Wireless Deep Video Semantic Transmission](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2205.13129/) (2022)
- [Instance-Dependent Label-Noise Learning with Manifold-Regularized Transition Matrix Estimation](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2206.02791/) (2022)
- [Hard Sample Aware Noise Robust Learning for Histopathology Image Classification](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2112.03694/) (2021)
- [Investigating Why Contrastive Learning Benefits Robustness Against Label Noise](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2201.12498/) (2022)
- [Background-Aware Pooling and Noise-Aware Loss for Weakly-Supervised Semantic Segmentation](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2104.00905/) (2021)
- [Mitigating Memorization of Noisy Labels by Clipping the Model Prediction](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2212.04055/) (2022)
- [Token Cleaning: Fine-Grained Data Selection for LLM Supervised Fine-Tuning](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2502.01968/) (2025)

## Abstract (arXiv)

Current state-of-the-art deep learning systems for visual object recognition and detection use purely supervised training with regularization such as dropout to avoid overfitting. The performance depends critically on the amount of labeled examples, and in current practice the labels are assumed to be unambiguous and accurate. However, this assumption often does not hold; e.g. in recognition, class labels may be missing; in detection, objects in the image may not be localized; and in general, the labeling may be subjective. In this work we propose a generic way to handle noisy and incomplete labeling by augmenting the prediction objective with a notion of consistency. We consider a prediction consistent if the same prediction is made given similar percepts, where the notion of similarity is between deep network features computed from the input data. In experiments we demonstrate that our approach yields substantial robustness to label noise on several datasets. On MNIST handwritten digits, we show that our model is robust to label corruption. On the Toronto Face Database, we show that our model handles well the case of subjective labels in emotion recognition, achieving state-of-the- art results, and can also benefit from unlabeled face images with no modification to our method. On the ILSVRC2014 detection challenge data, we show that our approach extends to very deep networks, high resolution images and structured outputs, and results in improved scalable detection.