# Mixtures, envelopes, and hierarchical duality

arXiv: https://arxiv.org/abs/1406.0177 · HTML: https://mlsanity.com/paper/1406.0177/

## Key facts

- Cited by 2 papers in the map (data through 14 Oct 2026).
- First posted on arXiv 1 Jun 2014.

## Built on by (most cited first, 2 of 2)

- [Generative Bayesian Hyperparameter Tuning](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2512.20051/) (2025)
- [Fast Compute for ML Optimization](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2602.14280/) (2026)

## Abstract (arXiv)

We develop a connection between mixture and envelope representations of objective functions that arise frequently in statistics. We refer to this connection using the term "hierarchical duality." Our results suggest an interesting and previously under-exploited relationship between marginalization and profiling, or equivalently between the Fenchel--Moreau theorem for convex functions and the Bernstein--Widder theorem for Laplace transforms. We give several different sets of conditions under which such a duality result obtains. We then extend existing work on envelope representations in several ways, including novel generalizations to variance-mean models and to multivariate Gaussian location models. This turns out to provide an elegant missing-data interpretation of the proximal gradient method, a widely used algorithm in machine learning. We show several statistical applications in which the proposed framework leads to easily implemented algorithms, including a robust version of the fused lasso, nonlinear quantile regression via trend filtering, and the binomial fused double Pareto model. Code for the examples is available on GitHub at https://github.com/jgscott/hierduals.