# NRC-Canada: Building the State-of-the-Art in Sentiment Analysis of Tweets

arXiv: https://arxiv.org/abs/1308.6242 · HTML: https://mlsanity.com/paper/1308.6242/

## Key facts

- Cited by 33 papers in the map (data through 14 Oct 2026).
- First posted on arXiv 28 Aug 2013.

## Built on by (most cited first, 30 of 33)

- [AfriSenti: A Twitter Sentiment Analysis Benchmark for African Languages](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2302.08956/) (2023)
- [SemEval-2023 Task 12: Sentiment Analysis for African Languages (AfriSenti-SemEval)](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2304.06845/) (2023)
- [Emotion Detection for Misinformation: A Review](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2311.00671/) (2023)
- [The Sentiment Problem: A Critical Survey towards Deconstructing Sentiment Analysis](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2310.12318/) (2023)
- [Understand me, if you refer to Aspect Knowledge: Knowledge-aware Gated Recurrent Memory Network](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2108.02352/) (2021)
- [Pushing on Personality Detection from Verbal Behavior: A Transformer Meets Text Contours of Psycholinguistic Features](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2204.04629/) (2022)
- [Uncovering the Limits of Text-based Emotion Detection](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2109.01900/) (2021)
- [Sentiment analysis and opinion mining on educational data: A survey](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2302.04359/) (2023)
- [Emotion-Aware, Emotion-Agnostic, or Automatic: Corpus Creation Strategies to Obtain Cognitive Event Appraisal Annotations](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2102.12858/) (2021)
- [LLM Content Moderation and User Satisfaction: Evidence from Response Refusals in Chatbot Arena](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2501.03266/) (2025)
- [Sentiment Analysis in Finance: From Transformers Back to eXplainable Lexicons (XLex)](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2306.03997/) (2023)
- [Meta-Tuning LLMs to Leverage Lexical Knowledge for Generalizable Language Style Understanding](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2305.14592/) (2023)
- [Modelling Emotion Dynamics in Song Lyrics with State Space Models](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2210.09434/) (2022)
- [Rethinking Word Similarity: Semantic Similarity through Classification Confusion](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2502.05704/) (2025)
- [Sentiment Analysis in Twitter for Macedonian](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2109.13725/) (2021)
- [Evaluating Contextual Embeddings and their Extraction Layers for Depression Assessment](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2112.13795/) (2021)
- [A Comprehensive Review of Visual-Textual Sentiment Analysis from Social Media Networks](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2207.02160/) (2022)
- [Improving the Generalizability of Text-Based Emotion Detection by Leveraging Transformers with Psycholinguistic Features](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2212.09465/) (2022)
- [Unveiling Affective Polarization Trends in Parliamentary Proceedings](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2512.05231/) (2025)
- [SentiFuse: Deep Multi-model Fusion Framework for Robust Sentiment Extraction](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2602.01447/) (2026)
- [Artificial Intelligence for Emotion-Semantic Trending and People Emotion Detection During COVID-19 Social Isolation](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2101.06484/) (2021)
- [Lex2vec: making Explainable Word Embeddings via Lexical Resources](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2103.02269/) (2021)
- [Sentiment Analysis and Sarcasm Detection of Indian General Election Tweets](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2201.02127/) (2022)
- ["That's so cute!": The CARE Dataset for Affective Response Detection](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2201.11895/) (2022)
- [Offensive Language Detection on Twitter](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2209.14091/) (2022)
- [Exploring Hybrid and Ensemble Models for Multiclass Prediction of Mental Health Status on Social Media](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2212.09839/) (2022)
- [Emotion Embeddings unicodex2014 Learning Stable and Homogeneous Abstractions from Heterogeneous Affective Datasets](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2308.07871/) (2023)
- [Desenvolvimento de modelo para predicc~ao de cotacc~oes de acc~ao baseada em an'alise de sentimentos de tweets](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2309.06538/) (2023)
- [LaTeX: Language Pattern-aware Triggering Event Detection for Adverse Experience during Pandemics](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2310.03941/) (2023)
- [Hate Content Detection via Novel Pre-Processing Sequencing and Ensemble Methods](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2409.05134/) (2024)

## Abstract (arXiv)

In this paper, we describe how we created two state-of-the-art SVM classifiers, one to detect the sentiment of messages such as tweets and SMS (message-level task) and one to detect the sentiment of a term within a submissions stood first in both tasks on tweets, obtaining an F-score of 69.02 in the message-level task and 88.93 in the term-level task. We implemented a variety of surface-form, semantic, and sentiment features. with sentiment-word hashtags, and one from tweets with emoticons. In the message-level task, the lexicon-based features provided a gain of 5 F-score points over all others. Both of our systems can be replicated us available resources.