# Large language models for driving

Area: [End-to-end autonomous driving](https://mlsanity.com/driving/index.md). HTML: https://mlsanity.com/driving/large-language-models-for-driving/

## Key facts

- Large language models for driving: 147 papers on arXiv since 2022 (data through 14 Oct 2026).
- 61 of its 147 mapped papers (41%) cite “DriveGPT4: Interpretable End-to-end Autonomous Driving via Large Language Model” (2023, arXiv 2310.01412).
- 58 of its 147 mapped papers (39%) cite “DiLu: A Knowledge-Driven Approach to Autonomous Driving with Large Language Models” (2023, arXiv 2309.16292).
- 3 new papers 17 Sep–14 Oct.

## Most cited here

- [DriveGPT4: Interpretable End-to-end Autonomous Driving via Large Language Model](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2310.01412/) (2023), cited by 61 papers here
- [DiLu: A Knowledge-Driven Approach to Autonomous Driving with Large Language Models](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2309.16292/) (2023), cited by 58 papers here
- [Driving with LLMs: Fusing Object-Level Vector Modality for Explainable Autonomous Driving](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2310.01957/) (2023), cited by 46 papers here
- [Drive Like a Human: Rethinking Autonomous Driving with Large Language Models](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2307.07162/) (2023), cited by 43 papers here
- [LanguageMPC: Large Language Models as Decision Makers for Autonomous Driving](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2310.03026/) (2023), cited by 42 papers here
- [LMDrive: Closed-Loop End-to-End Driving with Large Language Models](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2312.07488/) (2023), cited by 42 papers here
- [Drive as You Speak: Enabling Human-Like Interaction with Large Language Models in Autonomous Vehicles](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2309.10228/) (2023), cited by 33 papers here
- [DriveMLM: Aligning Multi-Modal Large Language Models with Behavioral Planning States for Autonomous Driving](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2312.09245/) (2023), cited by 29 papers here
- [LLM4Drive: A Survey of Large Language Models for Autonomous Driving](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2311.01043/) (2023), cited by 28 papers here
- [A Survey on Multimodal Large Language Models for Autonomous Driving](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2311.12320/) (2023), cited by 26 papers here

## New (17 Sep–14 Oct)

- [Retrieval-Augmented Large Language Model Decision-Making for Autonomous Driving Guided by Chinese Philosophical Wisdom](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2610.03948/) (2026-10-02)
- [Comparative study of adapting pre-trained models for driving behavior video captioning](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2609.39542/) (2026-09-30)
- [REARL: A Closed-loop Autonomous Driving Simulation Enhancement Framework with Real Traffic Data and Large Language Models](https://mlsanity.com/paper/2609.19903/) (2026-09-17)